Adverse events ‐ pain with topical application · pain treatment during intravenous cannulation
1 finding from 1 review
First‐attempt success rate · pain treatment during intravenous cannulation
Vapocoolant showed no clear difference in first attempt success compared with placebo/no treatment (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Adverse events · pain treatment during intravenous cannulation
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at 60 minutes · patients with postoperative pain
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes pain at 60 minutes compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at 12 hours · patients with postoperative pain
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes pain at 12 hours compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Pain at 24 hours · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in pain at 24 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hourly morphine equivalents at 60 minutes · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in hourly morphine equivalents at 60 minutes compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Hourly morphine equivalents at 24 hours · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in hourly morphine equivalents at 24 hours compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Sedation score (numerical rating scale of 1 to 6: 0 = anxious, agitated, or restless, 6 = asleep, no response) · patients with postoperative pain
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes sedation score compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Nausea · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine probably leads to higher nausea compared with placebo (moderate certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Vomiting · patients with postoperative pain
Transdermal or intranasal nicotine showed no clear difference in vomiting compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Time to hospital discharge · patients with postoperative pain
It is very uncertain whether transdermal or intranasal nicotine changes time to hospital discharge compared with placebo (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Risk of hypothermia ‐ not reported · adults undergoing surgery.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Intervention not reported
Mean core temperature, 60 minutes · adults undergoing surgery.
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Mean core temperature, 120 minutes · adults undergoing surgery.
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Mean core temperature at the end of surgery · adults undergoing surgery.
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Shivering · adults undergoing surgery.
It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes shivering (very low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Major cardiovascular event ‐ not reported · adults undergoing surgery.
The review found no eligible studies for this question.
1 finding from 1 review
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found
Time to awakening minutes1 · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review
Decrease in mortality with the use of the entropy monitor at 24 hours, 30 days and one year Assessng mortality at 24 hours, 30 days and one year · adults and children undergoing general anaesthesia
1 finding from 1 review