Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,156 questions · 1,179 findings · 198 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 250 · 21.2%GRADE not reported 43 · 3.6%Very low 236 · 20%Low 395 · 33.5%Moderate 208 · 17.6%High 47 · 4%

Intervention not reported

Serious MEs (surgical ward)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for reducing medication errors in children in hospital 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Length of stay in days (mean and SD)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for reducing medication errors in children in hospital 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Costs of drugsd ($: number of participants)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for reducing medication errors in children in hospital 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Costs of hospitalisation ($: number of participants)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for reducing medication errors in children in hospital 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

CPOE vs no CPOE

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for reducing medication errors in children in hospital 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Non‐intercepted serious MEs

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for reducing medication errors in children in hospital 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Preventable ADEs (harm)

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for reducing medication errors in children in hospital 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Apnoea‐ hypopnoea index (AHI) (events/h) · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA receptor agonists ('Z…

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Oxygen desaturation index (ODI) · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA receptor agonists ('Z…

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Fall in minimum SpO2 · participants with sleep apnoea prescribed sedatives, hypnotics (including benzodiazepines (BZDs), non‐BZD GABAA receptor agonists ('Z…

1 finding from 1 review

Effects of opioid, hypnotic and sedating medications on sleep‐disordered breathing in adults with obstructive sleep… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
Low

Intervention not reported

Number of people who had not improved or had not been cured ( · children and adults with acute pneumonia

The intervention showed no clear difference in number of people who had not improved or had not been cured ( (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.85 [0.4, 1.8]
2 studies · 221 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Cough score Scale from: 0 (absent) to 3 (very severe) ( · children and adults with acute pneumonia

1 finding from 1 review

Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 120 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Adverse events ( · children and adults with acute pneumonia

1 finding from 1 review

Over‐the‐counter (OTC) medications to reduce cough as an adjunct to antibiotics for acute pneumonia in children and… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 120 participants
GRADE not reported

Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment

Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ low dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain

Clonidine showed no clear difference in number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐… compared with placebo or no treatment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.78, 1.28]
1 study · 45 participants
Low

Clonidine vs fentanyl

Number requiring opioids postoperatively · patients with postoperative pain

Clonidine showed no clear difference in number requiring opioids postoperatively compared with fentanyl (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.89 [0.56, 1.42]
1 study · 36 participants
Moderate

Clonidine vs fentanyl

Single small study · patients with postoperative pain

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 participants
GRADE not reported

High dose clonidine vs low dose clonidine

Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · patients with postoperative pain

High dose clonidine showed no clear difference in number requiring additional analgesia required postoperatively ‐ all… compared with low dose clonidine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.49 [0.22, 1.11]
2 studies · 90 participants
Low

High dose clonidine vs low dose clonidine

Number requiring additional analgesia required postoperatively ‐ moderate quality studies · patients with postoperative pain

High dose clonidine may leads to lower number requiring additional analgesia required postoperatively ‐… compared with low dose clonidine (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.38 [0.23, 0.65]
1 study · 60 participants
Low

High dose clonidine vs low dose clonidine

Postoperative pain score · patients with postoperative pain

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 60 participants
Low

Clonidine vs placebo or no treatment

Number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐ high dose clonidine · patients with postoperative pain

Clonidine probably leads to lower number requiring additional analgesia at any time postoperatively ‐… compared with placebo or no treatment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Clonidine premedication for postoperative analgesia in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.24 [0.11, 0.51]
3 studies · 205 participants
Moderate