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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE Maternal apnoea · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM) Pain intensity 'early' (30 min/1 h) (VAS 0 to 10 cm, VAS 0 to 100 cm) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 180 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE Maternal respiratory depression (< 9, < 8 breaths/min) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.51, 1.62] | 3 studies · 687 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs epidural/CSE Apgar score ≤ 7 (< 7) at 5 min · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.62, 2.57] | 5 studies · 1322 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs remifentanil (continuous IV) Satisfaction (overall) with pain relief · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs remifentanil (continuous IV) Pain intensity 'early' (30 min/1 h) (VAS 0 to 10 cm) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs remifentanil (continuous IV) Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs remifentanil (continuous IV) Rate of caesarean delivery · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs remifentanil (continuous IV) Maternal apnoea · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs remifentanil (continuous IV) Maternal respiratory depression (< 8 breaths/min) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 | 2 studies · 135 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs remifentanil (continuous IV) Apgar score < 7 at 5 min · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose) Satisfaction (overall) with pain relief (VNRS 0 to 10) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM) Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.4, 0.81] | 3 studies · 190 participants | Moderate |
Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose) Pain intensity 'early' (30 min/1 h) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose) Additional analgesia required (escape analgesia) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose) Rate of caesarean delivery · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose) Maternal apnoea · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose) Maternal respiratory depression (< 8 breaths/min) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA, increasing bolus dose) vs remifentanil (PCA, increasing infusion dose) Apgar score < 7 at 5 min · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM) Rate of caesarean delivery · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.63 [0.3, 1.32] | 4 studies · 215 participants | Low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM) Maternal apnoea · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM) Maternal respiratory depression (< 8 breaths/min) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (IV/IM) Apgar score < 7 at 5 min · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 88 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA) Satisfaction (overall) with pain relief (VRS 1 to 10) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Very low |
Remifentanil (PCA) vs another opioid (PCA) Pain intensity 'early' (30 min/1 h) (VAS 0 to 10 cm, VAS 0 to 100 cm) · women in labour with planned vaginal delivery Patient‐controlled analgesia with remifentanil versus alternative parenteral methods for pain management in… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 215 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Very preterm birth (less than 34 weeks) ‐ assuming complete correlation between twins/triplets · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.66, 1.58] | 5 studies · 495 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Prelabour preterm rupture of the membrane · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.51 [0.69, 3.3] | 1 study · 141 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Small‐for‐gestational age ‐ assuming independence between twins · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.26] | 1 study · 282 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Psychosocial effects of bed rest (depression, anxiety, stress) · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality ‐ assuming independence between twins/triplets · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.35, 1.21] | 5 studies · 1016 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) ‐ assuming independence between twins/triplets · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.75, 1.21] | 3 studies · 502 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Prelabour preterm rupture of the membrane · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.3 [0.71, 2.38] | 3 studies · 276 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Small‐for‐gestational age ‐ assuming independence between twins/triplets · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.56, 1.01] | 2 studies · 293 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Psychosocial effects of bed rest (depression, anxiety, stress) · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Very preterm birth (less than 34 weeks) ‐ assuming complete correlation between twins · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.3 [0.84, 6.27] | 1 study · 141 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Perinatal mortality ‐ assuming independence between twins · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 4.17 [0.9, 19.31] | 1 study · 282 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Low birthweight (less than 2500 g) ‐ assuming independence between twins/triplets · women with multiple pregnancy Bed rest with and without hospitalisation in multiple pregnancy for improving perinatal outcomes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) · the treatment of women (maternal outcomes) with gestational diabetes Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.86, 1.52] | 10 studies · 2060 participants | Moderate |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Perinatal (fetal and neonatal death) and later infant mortality · Infants of women with gestational diabetes. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.29, 2.49] | 10 studies · 1463 participants | Low |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Death or serious morbidity composite · Infants of women with gestational diabetes. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.84, 1.26] | 2 studies · 760 participants | Moderate |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Neonatal hypoglycaemia · Infants of women with gestational diabetes. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.85, 1.52] | 24 studies · 3892 participants | Low |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Adiposity at birth ‐ percentage fat mass · Infants of women with gestational diabetes. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 82 participants | Moderate |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Adiposity at birth ‐ skinfold sum (mm) · Infants of women with gestational diabetes. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 82 participants | Very low |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Adiposity in childhood up to 2 years ‐ total fat mass (%) · Infants of women with gestational diabetes. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | MD 0.5 | 1 study · 318 participants | Low |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Childhood/adulthood diabetes (type 1, type 2) ‐ not reported · Infants of women with gestational diabetes. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Neurosensory disability in later childhood (18 months) Mild developmental delay Hearing impairment Visual impairment · Infants of women with gestational diabetes. Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.33, 3.44] | 1 study · 93 participants | Low |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (not defined) · the treatment of women (maternal outcomes) with gestational diabetes Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.89 [1.14, 3.12] | 4 studies · 1214 participants | Moderate |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Caesarean section · the treatment of women (maternal outcomes) with gestational diabetes Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.93, 1.14] | 17 studies · 1988 participants | Moderate |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Development of type 2 diabetes · the treatment of women (maternal outcomes) with gestational diabetes Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [0.8, 2.44] | 2 studies · 754 participants | Moderate |
Insulin vs anti‐diabetic agent Perineal trauma/tearing ‐ not measured · the treatment of women (maternal outcomes) with gestational diabetes Insulin for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |