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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pre‐mixed insulin (70 NPH/30 REG) vs self‐mixed split dose insulin (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Birth trauma including shoulder dystocia, nerve palsy, or fracture · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Pre‐mixed insulin (70 NPH/30 REG) vs self‐mixed split dose insulin (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Composite outcome measure of neonatal morbidity · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin injected with a Novolin pen vs insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Macrosomia · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.03, 1.76] | 1 study · 93 participants | Very low |
Insulin injected with a Novolin pen vs insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Perinatal death · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin injected with a Novolin pen vs insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin injected with a Novolin pen vs insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Caesarean section 4 · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.15, 0.97] | 1 study · 93 participants | Very low |
Insulin injected with a Novolin pen vs insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Fetal anomaly · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin injected with a Novolin pen vs insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Birth trauma including shoulder dystocia, nerve palsy, or fracture · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin injected with a Novolin pen vs insulin injected with a needle or syringe (Different insulin regimens with similar insulin types used within the regimen) Composite outcome measure of neonatal morbidity · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin Aspart (+ NPH) vs human insulin (+ NPH insulin) Macrosomia · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Lispro vs regular insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.35, 1.3] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Insulin Aspart (+ NPH) vs human insulin (+ NPH insulin) Perinatal death · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Insulin Aspart (+ NPH) vs human insulin (+ NPH insulin) Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Insulin Aspart (+ NPH) vs human insulin (+ NPH insulin) Caesarean section · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Insulin Aspart (+ NPH) vs human insulin (+ NPH insulin) Fetal anomaly · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Insulin Aspart (+ NPH) vs human insulin (+ NPH insulin) Birth trauma including shoulder dystocia, nerve palsy and fracture · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Insulin Aspart (+ NPH) vs human insulin (+ NPH insulin) Composite outcome measure of neonatal morbidity · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Insulin Detemir + prandial insulin Aspart vs NPH insulin + prandial insulin Aspart (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Macrosomia · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin Detemir + prandial insulin Aspart vs NPH insulin + prandial insulin Aspart (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Perinatal death · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin Detemir + prandial insulin Aspart vs NPH insulin + prandial insulin Aspart (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin Detemir + prandial insulin Aspart vs NPH insulin + prandial insulin Aspart (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Caesarean section · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Lispro vs regular insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Caesarean section · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.25, 1.39] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Insulin Detemir + prandial insulin Aspart vs NPH insulin + prandial insulin Aspart (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Fetal anomaly (major) · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.15 [0.33, 29.67] | 1 study · 162 participants | Very low |
Insulin Detemir + prandial insulin Aspart vs NPH insulin + prandial insulin Aspart (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Birth trauma including shoulder dystocia, nerve palsy, or fracture · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Insulin Detemir + prandial insulin Aspart vs NPH insulin + prandial insulin Aspart (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Composite outcome measure of neonatal morbidity · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Lispro vs regular insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Fetal anomaly · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.35 [0.02, 8.08] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Lispro vs regular insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Birth trauma, including shoulder dystocia, nerve palsy, and fracture · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Lispro vs regular insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Composite outcome measure of neonatal morbidity · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Human insulin vs animal insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Macrosomia · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.22 [0.01, 4.3] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
Human insulin vs animal insulin (Different insulin types within similar insulin regimens) Perinatal death · pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes Different insulin types and regimens for pregnant women with pre‐existing diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ maternal outcomes Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy ‐ (any type) · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 24‐30 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy. Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.81, 1.9] | 1 study · 375 participants | Very low |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ neonatal outcomes Death or serious morbidity composite ‐ not reported · infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ neonatal outcomes Neonatal hypoglycaemia · infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [0.36, 10.62] | 1 study · 375 participants | Very low |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ neonatal outcomes Adiposity (neonate, child, adult) ‐ not measured · infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ neonatal outcomes Diabetes (child, adult) ‐ not measured · infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ neonatal outcomes Neurosensory disability in later childhood ‐ not measured · infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.38, 1.3] | 3 studies · 508 participants | Moderate |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes Caesarean section · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.83, 1.72] | 4 studies · 554 participants | Low |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes Development of type 2 diabetes ‐ not measured · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes Perineal trauma · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [0.22, 12.52] | 2 studies · 308 participants | Low |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes Return to pre‐pregnancy weight ‐ not measured · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies vs placebo ‐ maternal outcomes Caearean section · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes; 24‐30 weeks' gestation; singleton pregnancy. Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.79, 1.34] | 1 study · 375 participants | Very low |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes Postnatal depression ‐ not measured · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ maternal outcomes Induction of labour · women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.61, 1.07] | 1 study · 159 participants | Low |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ neonatal outcomes Large‐for‐gestational age · Infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.24, 1.83] | 2 studies · 246 participants | Low |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ neonatal outcomes Perinatal mortality · Infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.06, 14.55] | 2 studies · 359 participants | Very low |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ neonatal outcomes Death or serious morbidity composite · Infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.31, 0.94] | 1 study · 159 participants | Low |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ neonatal outcomes Neonatal hypoglycaemia · Infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.42, 1.77] | 4 studies · 554 participants | Low |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ neonatal outcomes Adiposity ‐ not measured · Infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Metformin vs glibenclamide ‐ neonatal outcomes Diabetes ‐ not measured · Infants of women diagnosed with gestational diabetes Oral anti‐diabetic pharmacological therapies for the treatment of women with gestational diabetes (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |