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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,736 questions · 15,265 findings · 1,163 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3,871 · 25.4%GRADE not reported 810 · 5.3%Very low 4,242 · 27.8%Low 3,879 · 25.4%Moderate 1,999 · 13.1%High 464 · 3%

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Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Cardiovascular events: non‐fatal stroke · Adults (general population)

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention showed no clear difference in cardiovascular events: non‐fatal stroke compared with regular salt (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Cardiovascular events: non‐fatal acute coronary syndrome (events per 100,000 person‐years) · Adults (general population)

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention probably leads to lower cardiovascular events: non‐fatal acute coronary syndrome (events per… compared with regular salt (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Cardiovascular mortality · Adults (general population)

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention showed no clear difference in cardiovascular mortality (events per 100,000 person‐years) compared with regular salt (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention vs regular salt

Stroke mortality (events per 100,000 person‐years) · Adults (general population)

It is very uncertain whether summary of findings table ‐ LSSS intervention changes stroke mortality (events per 100,000 person‐years) compared with regular salt (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Face‐to‐face behavioral intervention vs minimal or no support (Measured 3 to 6 months with CO‐validated prolonged and continuous abstinence, and self‐reported abstinence) · people who use waterpipe

The intervention may leads to higher face‐to‐face behavioral intervention vs minimal or no support… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Varenicline plus behavioral intervention vs placebo plus behavioral intervention ‐ (repeated point prevalence abstinence (not even a puff/chew/session in the last 7 days) at each of weeks 5, 12, and 25 (combined), verified by CO cutoff < 10 ppm) · people who use waterpipe

The intervention showed no clear difference in varenicline plus behavioral intervention vs placebo plus behavioral… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Bupropion therapy plus behavioral intervention vs behavioral intervention alone (continuous waterpipe smoking abstinence, defined as an expired CO of 9 ppm or less at the 6‐month postintervention · people who use waterpipe

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes bupropion therapy plus behavioral intervention vs behavioral… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Bupropion therapy plus behavioral support versus self‐help (continuous waterpipe smoking abstinence, defined as an expired CO of 9 ppm or less at the 6‐month postintervention · people who use waterpipe

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes bupropion therapy plus behavioral support versus self‐help… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

E‐health interventions · people who use waterpipe

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes E‐health interventions (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review