Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

2,556 questions · 2,794 findings · 119 reviews · All outcomes

No studies found 489 · 17.5%GRADE not reported 1,719 · 61.5%Very low 399 · 14.3%Low 128 · 4.6%Moderate 58 · 2.1%High 1 · 0%

Thymosin alpha 1 (10-minute soak prior to replantation) vs Normal saline

Tooth survival · People with avulsed and replanted permanent (front) teeth

It is very uncertain whether thymosin alpha 1 (10-minute soak prior to replantation) changes tooth survival at 12 months compared with control (saline) (very low certainty).

2 findings from 1 review

1000 mg champignon extract vs placebo

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    mean 2 weeks
    Adverse events: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for adverse events.
    0 studies
    No studies found

Chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

Dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

It is very uncertain whether chlorine dioxide + zinc mouthwash changes dentist-reported organoleptic test (OLT) score (scale 0 to 5) compared with placebo mouthwash (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Benzethonium chloride mouthwash vs Placebo mouthwash

VSC: methyl mercaptan · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Benzethonium chloride mouthwash showed no clear difference in VSC: methyl mercaptan compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo mouthwash

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Halita mouthwash (chlorhexidine 0.05% + cetylpyridinium chloride… led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter compared with placebo mouthwash; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Combined HBO and perioperative antibiotics prior to dental implant therapy vs antibiotics alone

Adverse effects (including quality of life) · Adults with head and neck cancer undergoing curative or adjuvant radiotherapy (at risk of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws)
1 finding from 1 review

Ledermix root canal medicament (day 0 to 10) vs Ultracal root canal medicament (day 7 to 10)

Aesthetics (discolouration) at 12 months (patient level) · People with avulsed and replanted permanent (front) teeth

It is very uncertain whether ledermix root canal medicament (day 0 to 10) changes aesthetics (discolouration) at 12 months (patient level) compared with ultracal root canal medicament (day 7 to 10) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBO) following extractions vs penicillin G

Adverse effects · Adults with head and neck cancer undergoing curative or adjuvant radiotherapy (at risk of osteoradionecrosis of the jaws)
1 finding from 1 review

0.05% chlorhexidine + 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride + 0.14% zinc lactate mouthrinse vs Placebo mouthwash

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    mean 2 weeks
    Adverse events (Table 6). Risk with placebo mouthwash: None reported. Risk with halita mouthwash: tongue staining was seen in patients who gargled, rather than rinsed. 40 participants (1 RCT). Certainty: VERY LOW.
    1 study · 40 participants
    Very low

Mechanical tongue cleaning (tongue scraper) vs No tongue cleaning

Quality of life · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Quality of life was a prespecified secondary outcome. None of the 44 included studies in the review (across all comparisons) reported quality-of-life data (review-wide evidence gap).
    0 studies
    No studies found

Scheduled dental recall intervals (1-, 3- or 6-monthly; oral hygiene instruction with or without scale and polish) plus daily supervised toothbrushing by carers vs usual care

Plaque · Adults (mean age 30.9 years), level of ID unclear; setting day centre

Scheduled dental recall intervals (1-, 3- or 6-monthly; oral hygiene… may leads to lower plaque (long term) compared with usual care (no specific treatment) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Toothpaste with a plaque-disclosing agent vs Conventional toothpaste

Plaque · Children aged 7 to 13 years with Down syndrome (mild to moderate ID); setting residential
1 finding from 1 review
  • Oral hygiene interventions for people with intellectual disabilities 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Short term (<6 weeks)
    Simplified Green & Vermillion Oral Hygiene Index (plaque), mean 10 days; percent mean difference 65 (intervention) vs 15 (control), P<0.0001 favouring the disclosing-agent toothpaste; 40 participants (SoF states 80,…
    1 study · 40 participants
    Very low

Toothbrushing + chlorine dioxide mouthwash vs Toothbrushing + tongue cleaning

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), halimeter · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

Toothbrushing + chlorine dioxide mouthwash led to lower volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), sulphide monitor compared with toothbrushing + tongue cleaning; GRADE not reported.

1 finding from 1 review

Halita mouthrinse vs Perio-plus mouthrinse

Adverse events · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    mean 8 days
    Adverse events (Table 12). Risk with Perio-plus mouthrinse: 1 patient reported unpleasant feeling after the use of the product; there were no severe adverse events reported. Risk with halita mouthrinse: 1 patient…
    1 study · 36 participants
    Very low

Hinokitiol gel vs Placebo gel

Patient-reported OLT score · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    mean 4 weeks
    Patient-reported OLT score: listed in the Summary of findings table but no data reported. No data were reported for patient-reported OLT score.
    0 studies
    No studies found

Zinc chloride + sodium fluoride dentifrice vs Sodium fluoride (control) toothpaste

Volatile sulphur compounds (VSC), gas chromatography · Adolescents and adults aged over 16 years with clinical or self-assessed halitosis of oral origin; excluding induced or physiological…
1 finding from 1 review
  • Interventions for managing halitosis 2019 · Cochrane All outcomes
    Payne 2011 (cross-over RCT) compared ZnCl + NaF dentifrice versus control NaF dentifrice; VSC by gas chromatography. The trial reported the adjusted mean VSC scores in a graph and hence we could not use the data in the…
    1 study
    GRADE not reported