What do systematic reviews say?

Metformin vs insulin

• Oral anti‐diabetic agents for women with established diabetes/impaired glucose tolerance or previous gestational… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  0 studies · 0 participants
  GRADE not reported

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation vs usual care

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation probably leads to lower thromboembolic events compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

• Self‐monitoring and self‐management of oral anticoagulation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.58 [0.45, 0.74]
  18 studies · 7594 participants
  Moderate

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation vs usual care

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation showed no clear difference in all‐cause mortality compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

• Self‐monitoring and self‐management of oral anticoagulation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.85 [0.71, 1.01]
  11 studies · 6358 participants
  Moderate

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation vs usual care

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation showed no clear difference in major haemorrhage compared with standard care (moderate certainty).

• Self‐monitoring and self‐management of oral anticoagulation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.95 [0.8, 1.12]
  20 studies · 8018 participants
  Moderate

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation vs usual care

Self‐monitoring or self‐management of oral anticoagulation showed no clear difference in minor haemorrhage compared with standard care (low certainty).

• Self‐monitoring and self‐management of oral anticoagulation 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.97 [0.67, 1.41]
  13 studies · 5365 participants
  Low

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic showed no clear difference in OME resolution at intermediate‐term compared with control plus antibiotic (moderate certainty).

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.26 [0.54, 2.96]
  1 study · 59 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  39 participants
  Moderate

Summary of findings: intranasal steroids plus oral antibiotic vs control plus antibiotic

• Oral or topical nasal steroids for hearing loss associated with otitis media with effusion in children 2011 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 59 participants
  GRADE not reported

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care probably leads to lower incidence of VAP compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: mean 1 month
  RR 0.67 [0.47, 0.97]
  13 studies · 1206 participants
  Moderate

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  Adverse effects: information from 2 studies; one stated there were none, the other reported mild reversible irritation of the oral mucosa; very low certainty. There was a lack of evidence about adverse effects.
  2 studies
  Very low

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care showed no clear difference in mortality compared with placebo or usual care (moderate certainty).

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: mean 1 month
  RR 1.03 [0.80, 1.33]
  9 studies · 944 participants
  Moderate

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

It is very uncertain whether chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care changes duration of mechanical ventilation compared with placebo or usual care (very low certainty).

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: mean 1 month
  MD -1.10 [-3.20, 1.00]
  4 studies · 594 participants
  Very low

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care showed no clear difference in duration of ICU stay compared with placebo or usual care (low certainty).

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes

  Follow-up: mean 1 month
  MD -0.89 [-3.59, 1.82]
  5 studies · 627 participants
  Low

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  The outcome of cost was not reported by any study in this comparison.
  0 studies
  No studies found

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care vs placebo or usual care

Chlorhexidine (mouthrinse or gel), as part of oral hygiene care showed no clear difference in duration of systemic antibiotic use compared with placebo or usual care; GRADE not reported.

• Oral hygiene care for critically ill patients to prevent ventilator‐associated pneumonia 2020 · Cochrane All outcomes
  MD 0.65 [-0.58, 1.88]
  1 study · 146 participants
  GRADE not reported

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

• Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes

  9 years (three cycles)
  The costs associated with the screening programme were reported after three cycles (nine years) (Subramanian 2009) (Additional Table 8). The benefit produced by a screen was 269.31 life-years saved per 100,000 for all…
  1 study
  GRADE not reported

Visual screening (oral visual inspection) by trained health workers vs No screening

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Screening programmes for the early detection and prevention of oral cancer 2013 · Cochrane All outcomes

  15-year follow-up
  No harms were reported.
  0 studies
  No studies found