Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

2,016 questions · 2,067 findings · 222 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 471 · 22.8%GRADE not reported 108 · 5.2%Very low 570 · 27.6%Low 458 · 22.2%Moderate 363 · 17.6%High 97 · 4.7%

Intervention not reported

Incidence of AAD: Probiotic dose (≥5 billion CFUs of probiotics/day) · Children receiving antibiotic treatment between 4 and 28 days duration for a variety of infections

The intervention probably leads to lower incidence of AAD: Probiotic dose (≥5 billion CFUs of probiotics/day) (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic‐associated diarrhea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.37 [0.3, 0.46]
20 studies · 4038 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Adverse events · Children receiving antibiotic treatment between 4 and 28 days duration for a variety of infections

The intervention showed no clear difference in adverse events (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic‐associated diarrhea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
24 studies · 4415 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Duration of diarrhea (days) · Children receiving antibiotic treatment between 4 and 28 days duration for a variety of infections

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic‐associated diarrhea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 1263 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Microbiome characteristics · Children receiving antibiotic treatment between 4 and 28 days duration for a variety of infections

1 finding from 1 review

Probiotics for the prevention of pediatric antibiotic‐associated diarrhea 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Addition of feedback to enablement · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
23 studies · 23 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Addition of enablement to restriction · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
29 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Mortality · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
15827 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Mean length of hospital stay per participant · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3834 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Delay in treatment · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 2 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Negative professional culture · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Effect modifier · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Enablement · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
29 studies · 29 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Restriction · adults or children undergoing inpatient antibiotic prophylaxis or treatment

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to improve antibiotic prescribing practices for hospital inpatients 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
29 studies · 29 participants
High

Single vs combination IV antibiotics

FEV1 % predicted: absolute change from baseline · adults and children with cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease)

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 265 participants
Low

Single vs combination IV antibiotics

FVC (% predicted) Change from baseline · adults and children with cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease)

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 146 participants
Low

Single vs combination IV antibiotics

Time to next exacerbation · adults and children with cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease)

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 34 participants
Low

Single vs combination IV antibiotics

Quality of life · adults and children with cystic fibrosis (during acute exacerbations of lung disease)

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Intravenous antibiotics for pulmonary exacerbations in people with cystic fibrosis 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Shared decision‐making (all components) vs usual care

Patient initiated re‐consultations for the same illness episode · antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections

Shared decision making showed no clear difference in patient initiated re‐consultations for the same illness episode compared with usual care (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.87 [0.74, 1.03]
4 studies · 1861 participants
Moderate

Shared decision‐making (all components) vs usual care

Patient satisfaction with consultation · antibiotic use in acute respiratory infections

Shared decision making showed no clear difference in patient satisfaction with the consultation compared with usual care (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions to facilitate shared decision making to address antibiotic use for acute respiratory infections in… 2015 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.86 [0.57, 1.3]
2 studies · 1052 participants
Low

Third generation cephalosporins vs other antibiotics

Persistent bacteriuria · children with acute pyelonephritis

Agent: Third generation cephalosporin showed no clear difference in persistent bacteriuria compared with other antibiotic (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antibiotics for acute pyelonephritis in children 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.41 [0.98, 5.93]
3 studies · 439 participants
Low