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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,000 questions in 69 reviews · Urology
current versionsNo studies 196 · 19.6%Ungraded 33 · 3.3%Very low 198 · 19.8%Low 354 · 35.4%Moderate 206 · 20.6%High 13 · 1.3%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy vs transurethral resection of the prostate Ejaculatory function (sexually‐active men only) · men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.24, 0.53] | 4 studies · 241 participants | Low |
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy vs sham treatment Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 483 participants | Moderate |
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy vs sham treatment Quality of life · men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 347 participants | Low |
Transurethral microwave thermotherapy vs sham treatment Major adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia Transurethral microwave thermotherapy for the treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms in men with benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 924 participants | Very low |
Gemcitabine vs saline Time to recurrence (absolute effect size estimates based on recurrence rate at 4 years) · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (607 men, 127 women)Country: Germany, Turkey, and the US Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.77 [0.54, 1.09] | 2 studies · 734 participants | Low |
Gemcitabine vs mitomycin Grade III–V adverse events (local adverse events which result in delay intravesical treatment were regarded as Grade III–V complications) · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer1 (93 men, 16 women)Country: Italy Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.51 [0.13, 1.93] | 1 study · 109 participants | Very low |
Gemcitabine vs mitomycin Time to death from bladder cancer · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer1 (93 men, 16 women)Country: Italy Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gemcitabine vs mitomycin Time to death from any cause · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer1 (93 men, 16 women)Country: Italy Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gemcitabine vs mitomycin Grade I or II adverse events (local adverse events which did not result in delay intravesical treatment) · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer1 (93 men, 16 women)Country: Italy Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.37, 0.78] | 1 study · 109 participants | Low |
Gemcitabine vs mitomycin Disease‐specific quality of life · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer1 (93 men, 16 women)Country: Italy Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gemcitabine vs BCG Time to recurrence · participants with recurrent (1‐course BCG failure) high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (49 men, 31… Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.15 [0.09, 0.26] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
Gemcitabine vs BCG Time to progression · participants with recurrent (1‐course BCG failure) high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (49 men, 31… Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.45 [0.27, 0.76] | 1 study · 80 participants | Low |
Gemcitabine vs BCG Grade III–V adverse events · participants with recurrent (1‐course BCG failure) high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (49 men, 31… Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.21, 4.66] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Gemcitabine vs BCG Time to death from bladder cancer · participants with recurrent (1‐course BCG failure) high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (49 men, 31… Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.04 [0.01, 2.25] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Gemcitabine vs BCG Time to death from any cause · participants with recurrent (1‐course BCG failure) high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (49 men, 31… Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gemcitabine vs saline Time to progression (absolute effect size estimates based on progression rate at 4 years) · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (607 men, 127 women)Country: Germany, Turkey, and the US Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.96 [0.19, 4.71] | 2 studies · 654 participants | Low |
Gemcitabine vs BCG Grade I or II adverse events · participants with recurrent (1‐course BCG failure) high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (49 men, 31… Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.48, 1.77] | 1 study · 80 participants | Very low |
Gemcitabine vs BCG Disease‐specific quality of life · participants with recurrent (1‐course BCG failure) high‐risk non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (49 men, 31… Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gemcitabine vs saline Grade III–V adverse events · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (607 men, 127 women)Country: Germany, Turkey, and the US Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.58, 2.75] | 2 studies · 668 participants | Low |
Gemcitabine vs saline Time to death from bladder cancer(absolute effect size estimates based on death rate at 2 years) · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (607 men, 127 women)Country: Germany, Turkey, and the US Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.98 [0.02, 49.4] | 1 study · 328 participants | Very low |
Gemcitabine vs saline Time to death from any cause (absolute effect size estimates based on death rate at 4 years) · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (607 men, 127 women)Country: Germany, Turkey, and the US Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.62 [0.39, 1] | 2 studies · 734 participants | Very low |
Gemcitabine vs saline Grade I or II adverse events · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (607 men, 127 women)Country: Germany, Turkey, and the US Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.87, 1.45] | 2 studies · 668 participants | Low |
Gemcitabine vs saline Disease‐specific quality of life · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (607 men, 127 women)Country: Germany, Turkey, and the US Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Gemcitabine vs mitomycin Time to recurrence · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer1 (93 men, 16 women)Country: Italy Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.36 [0.19, 0.69] | 1 study · 109 participants | Low |
Gemcitabine vs mitomycin Time to progression · participants with non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer1 (93 men, 16 women)Country: Italy Intravesical gemcitabine for non‐muscle invasive bladder cancer (2021) · Cochrane | HR 0.57 [0.32, 1.01] | 1 study · 109 participants | Low |
Circumcision devices vs standard surgical techniques Serious adverse events · adolescent and adult male circumcisions Circumcision devices versus standard surgical techniques in adolescent and adult male circumcisions (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 3472 participants | Moderate |
Circumcision devices vs standard surgical techniques Moderate adverse events · adolescent and adult male circumcisions Circumcision devices versus standard surgical techniques in adolescent and adult male circumcisions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.55, 3.1] | 10 studies · 3370 participants | Low |
Circumcision devices vs standard surgical techniques Mild adverse events · adolescent and adult male circumcisions Circumcision devices versus standard surgical techniques in adolescent and adult male circumcisions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.44, 2.72] | 10 studies · 3370 participants | Very low |
Circumcision devices vs standard surgical techniques Operative time (minutes) · adolescent and adult male circumcisions Circumcision devices versus standard surgical techniques in adolescent and adult male circumcisions (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 4812 participants | Moderate |
Circumcision devices vs standard surgical techniques Pain during the first 24 hours (VAS means) · adolescent and adult male circumcisions Circumcision devices versus standard surgical techniques in adolescent and adult male circumcisions (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 3022 participants | Low |
Circumcision devices vs standard surgical techniques Pain during the first 7 days (VAS means) · adolescent and adult male circumcisions Circumcision devices versus standard surgical techniques in adolescent and adult male circumcisions (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1430 participants | Low |
Circumcision devices vs standard surgical techniques Participant satisfaction · adolescent and adult male circumcisions Circumcision devices versus standard surgical techniques in adolescent and adult male circumcisions (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [1.04, 1.37] | 15 studies · 4501 participants | Low |
Combination therapy vs placebo Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1792 participants | Low |
Combination therapy vs alpha‐blockers Surgical intervention · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.72 [0.34, 8.63] | 4 studies · 454 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs anticholinergics Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 710 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs anticholinergics QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Low |
Combination therapy vs anticholinergics Adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.81, 1.95] | 1 study · 661 participants | Moderate |
Combination therapy vs anticholinergics AUR · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.11, 2.65] | 3 studies · 1178 participants | Low |
Combination therapy vs anticholinergics Surgical intervention – not reported · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combination therapy vs placebo QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 991 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs placebo Adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [1.04, 1.47] | 3 studies · 1848 participants | Moderate |
Combination therapy vs placebo AUR · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.94 [0.41, 9.08] | 5 studies · 2369 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs placebo Surgical intervention – not reported · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combination therapy vs alpha‐blockers Urologic symptom scores · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 19 studies · 3631 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs alpha‐blockers QoL · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 15 studies · 2687 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs alpha‐blockers Adverse events · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.9, 1.34] | 12 studies · 3561 participants | Low |
Combination therapy vs alpha‐blockers AUR · men with lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign prostatic obstruction Anticholinergics combined with alpha‐blockers for treating lower urinary tract symptoms related to benign… (2021) · Cochrane | RR 2.03 [0.97, 4.23] | 19 studies · 4669 participants | Low |
Degarelix vs standard androgen suppression therapy Overall survival · hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer Degarelix for treating advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Degarelix vs standard androgen suppression therapy Serious adverse events · hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer Degarelix for treating advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.62, 1.05] | 9 studies · 2750 participants | Low |
Degarelix vs standard androgen suppression therapy Quality of life · hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer Degarelix for treating advanced hormone‐sensitive prostate cancer (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 2887 participants | Moderate |