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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intensity of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: tight glycaemic targets vs less‐tight glycaemic targets (child (as neonate, child, adult) outcomes) Perinatal (fetal and neonatal) mortality · children (as neonate, child, adult) of women with gestational diabetes mellitus Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 1499 participants | Low |
Intensity of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus: tight glycaemic targets vs less‐tight glycaemic targets (child (as neonate, child, adult) outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational‐age · children (as neonate, child, adult) of women with gestational diabetes mellitus Different intensities of glycaemic control for women with gestational diabetes mellitus (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.72, 1.29] | 3 studies · 1556 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Perinatal death · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Caesarean section (all indications) Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.59, 1.18] | 1 study · 327 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Neonatal encephalopathy  · women with an abnormal CTG in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 327 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Assisted vaginal birth (all indications) Â · women with an abnormal CTG in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.43 [0.78, 2.6] | 1 study · 327 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Spontaneous vaginal birth  · women with an abnormal CTG in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.85, 1.21] | 1 study · 327 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal acceptability of procedure  · women with an abnormal CTG in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 327 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Neurodevelopmental disability at >/= 12 months · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Caesarean section (all indications) · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.38 [0.16, 0.92] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Neonatal encephalopathy  · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Assisted vaginal birth (all indications) Â · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [0.76, 2.75] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Spontaneous vaginal birth  · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [0.68, 8.01] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal acceptability of procedure(s) · women with an abnormal cardiotocograph (CTG) in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 50 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Perinatal death  · women with an abnormal CTG in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 327 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Neurodevelopmental disability at >/= 12 months  · women with an abnormal CTG in labour Fetal scalp stimulation for assessing fetal well‐being during labour (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 327 participants | Ungraded |
Sildenafil citrate vs placebo or no therapy All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.8, 1.27] | 5 studies · 516 participants | Moderate |
Sildenafil citrate vs nitroglycerin All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Sildenafil citrate vs nitroglycerin Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Sildenafil citrate vs nitroglycerin Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Sildenafil citrate vs placebo or no therapy Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.6, 1.12] | 5 studies · 516 participants | Moderate |
Sildenafil citrate vs placebo or no therapy Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.9, 2.33] | 5 studies · 397 participants | Moderate |
Tadalafil vs placebo or no therapy All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.02, 1.6] | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Tadalafil vs placebo or no therapy Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 1.96] | 1 study · 87 participants | Low |
Tadalafil vs placebo or no therapy Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.06, 13.7] | 1 study · 83 participants | Low |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo or no therapy All‐cause mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo or no therapy Fetal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Nitroglycerin vs placebo or no therapy Neonatal mortality · pregnant women with fetal growth restriction Interventions affecting the nitric oxide pathway versus placebo or no therapy for fetal growth restriction… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 6 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.89, 0.97] | 30 studies · 14610 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding at 12 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.9, 1] | 2 studies · 1311 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 6 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.91, 0.97] | 11 studies · 4879 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.79 [0.7, 0.9] | 13 studies · 7650 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 4‐6 weeks · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.82, 1.08] | 6 studies · 2325 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.57, 0.95] | 6 studies · 2402 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 2 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.79, 1.07] | 4 studies · 2089 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 2 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.78, 1.03] | 9 studies · 4537 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 3‐4 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.81, 1.15] | 5 studies · 2064 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 3‐4 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.75, 1] | 10 studies · 4766 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 12 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.91, 1] | 2 studies · 1431 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.88, 0.93] | 40 studies · 16332 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Support plus vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 9 months ‐ not reported · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 4‐6 weeks · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.79, 0.97] | 36 studies · 11413 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 4‐6 weeks · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.76, 0.9] | 42 studies · 14544 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 2 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.77, 1.11] | 13 studies · 3169 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 2 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.74, 0.89] | 17 studies · 4317 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding (any) at 3‐4 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.81, 0.93] | 32 studies · 12054 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping exclusive breastfeeding at 3‐4 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.77, 0.85] | 43 studies · 11575 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Breastfeeding support only vs usual care Stopping breastfeeding at 9 months · healthy breastfeeding women with healthy term babies Support for healthy breastfeeding mothers with healthy term babies (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.78, 0.97] | 1 study · 552 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroid vs single course A1: Fetal or neonatal or infant death (< 1 year of age) – all fetuses randomised · the fetus/neonate/infant Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.73, 1.24] | 10 studies · 5849 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Repeat dose(s) of prenatal corticosteroids vs single course B3: Caesarean section – an all women · the woman Repeat doses of prenatal corticosteroids for women at risk of preterm birth for improving neonatal health… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.98, 1.09] | 8 studies · 4266 participants | Moderate |