Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,751 questions in 147 reviews · Pain, Palliative and Supportive Care
current versionsNo studies 361 · 20.6%Ungraded 87 · 5%Very low 625 · 35.7%Low 367 · 21%Moderate 232 · 13.2%High 79 · 4.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication Proportion of participants reporting no worse than mild pain by 14 days after start of treatment · adults with cancer pain Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication PGIC of much improved or very much improved · adults with cancer pain Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0.06 [0.01, 0.12] | 3 studies · 996 participants | Moderate |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication Withdrawals due to adverse events · adults with cancer pain Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0.04 [0, 0.08] | 4 studies · 1332 participants | Moderate |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication Mean pain intensity (Numeric Rating Scale 0–10) · adults with cancer pain Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1315 participants | Moderate |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication Daily maintenance opioid dosage (mg morphine equivalent) · adults with cancer pain Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain (2023) · Cochrane | SMD 0.08 | 3 studies · 970 participants | Low |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication Daily breakthrough opioid dosage (mg morphine equivalent) · adults with cancer pain Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 957 participants | Moderate |
Cannabis‐based medicines vs placebo medication Participants experiencing any serious adverse event · adults with cancer pain Cannabis‐based medicines and medical cannabis for adults with cancer pain (2023) · Cochrane | RD 0.02 | 4 studies · 1330 participants | Moderate |
Diclofenac vs placebo Outcome№ of participants(studies) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Diclofenac vs opioids Pain relief 50% ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs opioids Pain relief 50% ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs opioids Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs opioids Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours № of participants: 50 (1 RCT) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 2 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs opioids Nausea, vomiting, or both during study period № of participants: 463 (7 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.58, 0.96] | 7 studies · 463 participants | Moderate |
Diclofenac vs opioids Any bleeding during study period № of participants: 222 (2 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3.06 [1.31, 7.13] | 2 studies · 222 participants | Moderate |
Diclofenac vs opioids Serious adverse events during study period (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Diclofenac vs paracetamol Outcome№ of participants(studies) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Diclofenac vs paracetamol Pain relief 50% ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs paracetamol Pain relief 50% ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs placebo Pain relief 50% ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs paracetamol Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours № of participants: 180 (2 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 2 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs paracetamol Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours № of participants: 300 (3 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 3 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs paracetamol Nausea, vomiting, or both during study period № of participants: 348 (5 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.25, 0.87] | 5 studies · 348 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs paracetamol Any bleeding during study period № of participants: 332 (5 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.12, 2.62] | 5 studies · 332 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs paracetamol Serious adverse events during study period № of participants: 60 (1 RCT) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.05, 5.22] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs bupivacaine Outcome№ of participants(studies) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Diclofenac vs bupivacaine Pain relief 50% ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs bupivacaine Pain relief 50% ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs bupivacaine Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs bupivacaine Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs placebo Pain relief 50% ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 50 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs bupivacaine Nausea, vomiting, or both during study period № of participants: 128 (3 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.58, 2.78] | 3 studies · 128 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs bupivacaine Any bleeding during study period № of participants: 38 (1 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.8 [0.18, 18.21] | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs bupivacaine Serious adverse events during the study period № of participants: 38 (1 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.52 [0.23, 88.38] | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs placebo Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 0 to 2 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs placebo Pain intensity ‐ as reported by child, at 2 to 24 hours (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 participants | Ungraded |
Diclofenac vs placebo Nausea, vomiting, or both during study period № of participants: 100(2 RCTs) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.38, 1.8] | 2 studies · 100 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs placebo Any bleeding during study period № of participants: 100(2 RCTs)d · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.34, 26.45] | 2 studies · 100 participants | Very low |
Diclofenac vs placebo Serious adverse events during study period (not reported) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Diclofenac vs opioids Outcome№ of participants(studies) · children with acute postoperative pain Diclofenac for acute postoperative pain in children (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
CR oxycodone vs IR oxycodone Pain intensity (mean across treatment or at end of treatment; length of treatment varied across trials; various pain intensity scales; SMD) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | SMD 0.12 | 3 studies · 319 participants | Very low |
CR oxycodone vs CR morphine Constipation ‐ only English language studies (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.82, 1.16] | 5 studies · 797 participants | Very low |
CR oxycodone vs CR morphine Drowsiness/somnolence (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.74, 1.05] | 15 studies · 1486 participants | Low |
CR oxycodone vs CR morphine Nausea (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.77, 1.12] | 13 studies · 1388 participants | Low |
CR oxycodone vs CR morphine Vomiting (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.63, 1.04] | 13 studies · 1388 participants | Very low |
CR oxycodone vs CR morphine Quality of life · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 149 participants | Very low |
CR oxycodone vs CR morphine Participant preference (end of treatment in a cross‐over trial with each phase lasting seven days) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
CR oxycodone vs IR oxycodone Constipation (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.45, 1.13] | 3 studies · 317 participants | Very low |
CR oxycodone vs IR oxycodone Drowsiness/somnolence (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.69, 1.54] | 3 studies · 317 participants | Very low |
CR oxycodone vs IR oxycodone Nausea (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.56, 1.28] | 3 studies · 317 participants | Very low |
CR oxycodone vs IR oxycodone Vomiting (Event rate during treatment, length of treatment varied across trials) · adults with cancer‐related pain Oxycodone for cancer‐related pain (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.38, 1.15] | 3 studies · 317 participants | Very low |