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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
535 questions in 56 reviews · Hypertension
current versionsNo studies 37 · 6.9%Ungraded 34 · 6.4%Very low 91 · 17%Low 161 · 30.1%Moderate 136 · 25.4%High 76 · 14.2%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Aldosterone pg/mL · Participants with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 70 studies · 2506 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Noradrenaline pg/mL · Participants with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 38 studies · 878 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Adrenaline pg/mL · Participants with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 331 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Cholesterol mg/dL · Participants with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 28 studies · 917 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Trigyceride mg/dL · Participants with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 712 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) mg/dL · Participants with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 20 studies · 738 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake White population, normotensive, DBP mmHg · White population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 96 studies · 6276 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) mg/dL · Participants with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 18 studies · 696 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake White population, hypertensive, SBP mmHg · White population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 88 studies · 3998 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake White population, hypertensive, DBP mmHg · White population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 89 studies · 4032 participants | High |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Black population, normotensive, SBP mmHg · Black population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 253 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Black population, normotensive, DBP mmHg · Black population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 253 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Black population, hypertensive, SBP mmHg · Black population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 398 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Black population, hypertensive, DBP mmHg · Black population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 398 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Low sodium intake vs high sodium intake Asian population, normotensive, SBP mmHg · Asian population with normal or elevated blood pressure, but otherwise healthy Effects of low sodium diet versus high sodium diet on blood pressure, renin, aldosterone, catecholamines,… (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 950 participants | Moderate |
Lower BP target vs standard BP target Total mortality · adult patients with hypertension Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.86, 1.05] | NR | High |
Lower BP target vs standard BP target Total serious adverse events№ of participants: 18165(6 RCTs) · adult patients with hypertension Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.99, 1.08] | NR | Moderate |
Lower BP target vs standard BP target Myocardial infarction№ of participants: 38,198(8 RCTs) · adult patients with hypertension Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.73, 0.96] | NR | Low |
Lower BP target vs standard BP target Stroke№ of participants: 37,087(7 RCTs) · adult patients with hypertension Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.77, 1.01] | NR | Low |
Lower BP target vs standard BP target Congestive heart failure№ of participants: 15,859(5 RCTs) · adult patients with hypertension Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.6, 0.92] | NR | Low |
Lower BP target vs standard BP target Other serious adverse events · adult patients with hypertension Blood pressure targets in adults with hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.32, 1.59] | NR | Low |
Uric acid‐lowering drug vs placebo 24‐h ambulatory systolic BP · hyperuricaemia in people with hypertension Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Uric acid‐lowering drug vs placebo 24‐h ambulatory diastolic BP · hyperuricaemia in people with hypertension Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Uric acid‐lowering drug vs placebo Clinic‐measured systolic BP · hyperuricaemia in people with hypertension Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Low |
Uric acid‐lowering drug vs placebo Clinic‐measured diastolic BP · hyperuricaemia in people with hypertension Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 120 participants | Low |
Uric acid‐lowering drug vs placebo Serum UA · hyperuricaemia in people with hypertension Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 223 participants | High |
Uric acid‐lowering drug vs placebo Adverse events (withdrawals due to side effects) · hyperuricaemia in people with hypertension Pharmacotherapy for hyperuricaemia in hypertensive patients (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.86 [0.43, 8.1] | 3 studies · 241 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Overall mortality · alcohol consumers with high blood pressure Alcohol intake reduction for controlling hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.16, 3.17] | 1 study · 269 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cardiovascular events · alcohol consumers with high blood pressure Alcohol intake reduction for controlling hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.36, 1.79] | 1 study · 269 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Decrease in systolic blood pressure (mmHg) · alcohol consumers with high blood pressure Alcohol intake reduction for controlling hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 269 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Decrease in diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) · alcohol consumers with high blood pressure Alcohol intake reduction for controlling hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 269 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Decrease in alcohol intake (g) · alcohol consumers with high blood pressure Alcohol intake reduction for controlling hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 269 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Proportion of subjects with SBP < 140 mmHg and DBP < 90 mmHg · alcohol consumers with high blood pressure Alcohol intake reduction for controlling hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.21 [0.88, 1.65] | 1 study · 269 participants | Very low |
Beta‐blockers with partial agonist activity vs no treatment Variation in the decrease in 24‐hour ambulatory hourly SBP (at 3 to 12 weeks) · adults with essential hypertension Time course for blood pressure lowering of beta‐blockers with partial agonist activity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 121 participants | Very low |
Beta‐blockers with partial agonist activity vs no treatment Variation in the decrease in 24‐hour ambulatory hourly DBP (at 3 to 12 weeks) · adults with essential hypertension Time course for blood pressure lowering of beta‐blockers with partial agonist activity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 121 participants | Very low |
Beta‐blockers with partial agonist activity vs no treatment Variation in the decrease in 24‐hour ambulatory hourly HR (at 3 to 12 weeks) · adults with essential hypertension Time course for blood pressure lowering of beta‐blockers with partial agonist activity (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 71 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs monotherapy Total mortality · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.35 [0.08, 21.72] | 3 studies · 568 participants | Very low |
Combination with potassium‐sparing diuretics vs monotherapy Withdrawals due to adverse effects · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs monotherapy Cardiovascular mortality · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 568 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs monotherapy Cardiovascular events · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.22, 4.41] | 3 studies · 568 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs monotherapy Serious adverse events · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.31, 1.92] | 3 studies · 568 participants | Very low |
Combination therapy vs monotherapy Withdrawals due to adverse effects · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.53, 1.35] | 3 studies · 568 participants | Very low |
Combination with potassium‐sparing diuretics vs monotherapy Total mortality · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.01, 5.87] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Combination with potassium‐sparing diuretics vs monotherapy Cardiovascular mortality · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Combination with potassium‐sparing diuretics vs monotherapy Cardiovascular events · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 1.45 [0.13, 15.71] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Combination with potassium‐sparing diuretics vs monotherapy Serious adverse events · people with primary hypertension First‐line combination therapy versus first‐line monotherapy for primary hypertension (2020) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.1, 5.04] | 1 study · 200 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Cerivastatin dose · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Cerivastatin for lowering lipids (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR 0.05 mg/d · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Cerivastatin for lowering lipids (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 569 participants | High |
Intervention NR 0.1 mg/d · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Cerivastatin for lowering lipids (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 2114 participants | High |
Intervention NR 0.2 mg/d · participants with normal or abnormal lipid profiles Cerivastatin for lowering lipids (2020) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 1953 participants | High |