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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
775 questions in 58 reviews · Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma
current versionsNo studies 166 · 21.4%Ungraded 24 · 3.1%Very low 356 · 45.9%Low 162 · 20.9%Moderate 47 · 6.1%High 20 · 2.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Uncemented modern unipolar hemiarthroplasty (4 RCTs; 891 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with intracapsular hip fractures; most fractures in the included studies were displaced Surgical interventions for treating intracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.93, 1.45] | 4 studies · 891 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Total hip arthroplasty (single articulation) (2 RCTs; 225 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with intracapsular hip fractures; most fractures in the included studies were displaced Surgical interventions for treating intracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.62 [1.13, 2.32] | 2 studies · 225 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Dual‐mobility total hip arthroplasty (No direct evidence, indirect evidence only) · older adults (> 60 years of age) with intracapsular hip fractures; most fractures in the included studies were displaced Surgical interventions for treating intracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.37, 3.14] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Total studies: 56 Total participants: 8407 · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 56 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Dynamic fixed angle plate · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Total studies: 55 Total participants: 9296 · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 55 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Static fixed angle plate (4 studies; 622 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.48 [1.36, 4.5] | 4 studies · 622 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Long cephalomedullary nail (2 studies; 400 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.58 [0.55, 4.56] | 2 studies · 400 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Short cephalomedullary nail (34 studies; 6437 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.8, 1.56] | 34 studies · 6437 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Condylocephalic nail (7 studies; 996 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 3.33 [1.95, 5.68] | 7 studies · 996 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR External fixation (1 studies; 100 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.09 [0, 1.87] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hemiarthroplasty (No direct evidence, indirect evidence only) · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.37 [0.01, 10.26] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Dynamic fixed angle plate · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Static fixed angle plate (5 studies; 847 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.77, 1.36] | 5 studies · 847 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Long cephalomedullary nail (2 studies; 400 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.89, 1.81] | 2 studies · 400 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Short cephalomedullary nail (33 studies; 5380 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.87, 1.07] | 33 studies · 5380 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Condylocephalic nail (6 studies; 847 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.74, 1.16] | 6 studies · 847 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR External fixation (1 study; 100 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.36, 1.57] | 1 study · 100 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Hemiarthroplasty (No direct evidence, indirect evidence only) · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.73, 2.54] | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Non‐operative treatment (1 study; 106 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.53, 1.87] | 1 study · 106 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Total hip arthroplasty (1 study; 156 participants)a · older adults (> 60 years of age) with extracapsular hip fractures Surgical interventions for treating extracapsular hip fractures in older adults: a network meta‐analysis (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.12, 4.03] | 1 study · 156 participants | Low |
Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty Activities in daily living, early (within 4 months): using GARS (range from 18 to 72), a social dependency scale (range of scores 1 to 9); lower values in these scales indicate more independence. Also using OARS‐IADL (range from 0 to 14) and a 5‐p... · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures; included studies were for intracapsular fractures, except for one… Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1275 participants | Moderate |
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs unipolar hemiarthroplasty Early delirium · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.09, 2.58] | 1 study · 261 participants | Very low |
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs unipolar hemiarthroplasty Functional status, early (within 4 months) · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs unipolar hemiarthroplasty HRQoL, early (within 4 months): using EQ‐5D (range 0 to 1); higher values indicate better quality of life · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 115 participants | Very low |
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs unipolar hemiarthroplasty Mobility, early (within 4 months) · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs unipolar hemiarthroplasty Mortality, early (within 4 months) · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.54, 1.64] | 4 studies · 573 participants | Low |
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs unipolar hemiarthroplasty Mortality at 12 months · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.89, 1.53] | 8 studies · 839 participants | Low |
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs unipolar hemiarthroplasty Unplanned return to theatre (end of · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.44, 2.64] | 4 studies · 532 participants | Very low |
Total hip arthroplasty vs hemiarthroplasty Activities of daily living, early (within 4 months): using Katz Index and an undefined measurement tool to identify people who were independent · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.91, 1.18] | 2 studies · 225 participants | Very low |
Total hip arthroplasty vs hemiarthroplasty Delirium (end of · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.6, 3.33] | 2 studies · 357 participants | Low |
Total hip arthroplasty vs hemiarthroplasty Functional status, early (within 4 months): using HHS (range from 0 to 100) and Johansen hip score (range from 0 to 100); higher scores indicate better function · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 395 participants | Very low |
Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty Delirium (end of · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures; included studies were for intracapsular fractures, except for one… Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.55, 2.06] | 2 studies · 800 participants | Low |
Total hip arthroplasty vs hemiarthroplasty HRQoL, early (within 4 months): using EQ‐5D (range from 0 to 1); higher scores indicate better quality of life · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 279 participants | Very low |
Total hip arthroplasty vs hemiarthroplasty Mobility, early (within 4 months): using a 9‐point mobility scale; lower scores indicate better mobility · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 83 participants | Low |
Total hip arthroplasty vs hemiarthroplasty Mortality, early (within 4 months) · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.42, 1.42] | 6 studies · 725 participants | Very low |
Total hip arthroplasty vs hemiarthroplasty Mortality at 12 months · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.82, 1.34] | 11 studies · 2667 participants | Moderate |
Total hip arthroplasty vs hemiarthroplasty Unplanned return to theatre (end of · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.41, 1.15] | 9 studies · 2476 participants | Low |
Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty Functional status, early (within 4 months): using HHS (range from 0 to 100); higher values indicate better function · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures; included studies were for intracapsular fractures, except for one… Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 416 participants | Very low |
Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty HRQoL, early (within 4 months): using EQ‐5D (range 0 to 1), and SF‐12 (range 0 to 100); higher values indicate better quality of life. · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures; included studies were for intracapsular fractures, except for one… Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1122 participants | Moderate |
Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty Mobility, early (within 4 months): able to walk outdoors using no more than 1 walking aid. · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures; included studies were for intracapsular fractures, except for one… Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.95, 1.14] | 3 studies · 980 participants | Moderate |
Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty Mortality, early (within 4 months) · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures; included studies were for intracapsular fractures, except for one… Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 95 [0.8, 1.13] | 12 studies · 3136 participants | Low |
Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty Mortality at 12 months · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures; included studies were for intracapsular fractures, except for one… Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.78, 0.96] | 15 studies · 3727 participants | Moderate |
Cemented vs uncemented hemiarthroplasty Unplanned return to theatre (end of · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures; included studies were for intracapsular fractures, except for one… Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.45, 1.1] | 6 studies · 2336 participants | Low |
Bipolar hemiarthroplasty vs unipolar hemiarthroplasty Activities of daily living, early (within 4 months) · adults with displaced and undisplaced hip fractures Arthroplasties for hip fracture in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Limb function at 6 or 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures; study in the review included only Gustilo II open tibia fractures Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed) Deep surgical site infection · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.37, 1.8] | 2 studies · 458 participants | Very low |
Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed) Delayed union or non‐union · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.83, 1.55] | 1 study · 387 participants | Very low |
Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed) Unplanned operations at 12 months · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Timing of wound closure (immediate vs delayed) Adverse events ‐ superficial infection · adults with open long bone fractures of the upper and lower limbs Timing of antibiotic administration, wound debridement, and the stages of reconstructive surgery for open… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 6.45 [0.35, 120.43] | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |