Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

973 questions · 1,024 findings · 106 reviews

No studies found 235 · 22.9%GRADE not reported 59 · 5.8%Very low 207 · 20.2%Low 271 · 26.5%Moderate 177 · 17.3%High 75 · 7.3%

Vitamin C vs placebo

Incidence of pneumonia Defined as patient admitted to hospital with a diagnosis of pneumonia Dose: 2 g per day · school‐aged children (6 to 15 years) and marine corps recruits (mean age 18.5 years)

It is very uncertain whether vitamin C changes incidence of pneumonia Defined as patient admitted to hospital with… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin C vs placebo

Adverse effects (urticaria) Defined as participants reporting urticaria (hives) Dose: 2 g per day · school‐aged children (6 to 15 years) and marine corps recruits (mean age 18.5 years)

It is very uncertain whether vitamin C changes adverse effects (urticaria) Defined as participants reporting… compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin K vs control

Uncarboxylated osteocalcin: change in carboxylation of osteocalcin (% Glu‐OC) · adults and children with cystic fibrosis

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review