Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

245 questions · 245 findings · 20 reviews · Public Health

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No studies found 55 · 22.4%GRADE not reported 26 · 10.6%Very low 92 · 37.6%Low 54 · 22%Moderate 18 · 7.3%High 0 · 0%

'Summary of findings' table for primary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation

Substitution: mean consumption (purchased quantities) of untaxed sugar‐added foods · general population

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40210 participants
Very low

'Summary of findings' table for primary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation

Substitution: difference in mean consumption (purchased quantities) of untaxed sugar‐added foods compared with untaxed sugar‐added foods · general population

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40210 participants
Very low

'Summary of findings' table for primary outcomes: Taxation of sugar‐added foods vs no taxation

Mean expenditure on taxed sugar‐added foods · general population

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of unprocessed sugar or sugar‐added foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 40210 participants
Very low

Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation

Total fat consumption · general population of Denmark

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 2000 participants
Very low

Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation

Total saturated fat consumption · general population of Denmark

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1293 participants
Very low

Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation

Energy intake · general population of Denmark

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation

Overweight · general population of Denmark

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation

Obesity · general population of Denmark

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Taxation of the fat content of foods vs no taxation

Total sales · general population of Denmark

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Taxation of the fat content of foods for reducing their consumption and preventing obesity or other adverse health… 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Anaemia · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… may leads to lower anaemia (defined as haemoglobin below the WHO cut‐off, adjusted for… compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.72 [0.54, 0.97]
7 studies · 1634 participants
Low

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Iron deficiency (as defined by study authors, based on a biomarker of iron status) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… may leads to lower iron deficiency (as defined by study authors, based on a biomarker… compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.66 [0.51, 0.84]
8 studies · 1733 participants
Low

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Haemoglobin (g/dL) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
11 studies · 2163 participants
Low

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Vitamin A deficiency · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… showed no clear difference in vitamin A deficiency (as defined by the study authors) compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.68 [0.36, 1.29]
4 studies · 927 participants
Low

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Plasma folate concentrations (nmol/L) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 215 participants
Low

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Any adverse effects (hookworm infection risk) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… may leads to higher any adverse effects (hookworm infection risk) compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.78 [1.18, 2.7]
1 study · 785 participants
Low

Rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Diarrhoea · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

It is very uncertain whether rice fortified with iron alone or in combination with other… changes diarrhoea (as defined by study authors) compared with unfortified rice (no micronutrients added) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.52 [0.18, 67.39]
1 study · 258 participants
Very low

Rice fortified with vitamin A alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Haemoglobin (g/dL) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 74 participants
Low

Rice fortified with vitamin A alone or in combination with other micronutrients vs unfortified rice (no micronutrients added)

Serum/plasma retinol (μmol/L) · general population of all age groups (including pregnant women) from any country, over two years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of rice with vitamins and minerals for addressing micronutrient malnutrition 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 74 participants
Low

Staple foods fortified with vitamin A vs same unfortified staple foods

Serum/plasma retinol (μmol/L) · general population over 2 years of age

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 1829 participants
Very low

Staple food fortified with vitamin A plus other micronutrients vs same unfortified staple foods

All‐cause mortality · general population over 2 years of age

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Fortification of staple foods with vitamin A for vitamin A deficiency 2019 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found