Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

116 questions · 120 findings · 14 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 14 · 11.7%GRADE not reported 5 · 4.2%Very low 29 · 24.2%Low 44 · 36.7%Moderate 27 · 22.5%High 1 · 0.8%

Oral valproic acid vs placebo

Change in pulmonary function · ambulatory adults with SMA type III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
24 participants
Low

Oral phenylbutyrate vs placebo

Change in disability score · children with SMA type II

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 90 participants
Low

Oral phenylbutyrate vs placebo

Muscle strength · children with SMA type II

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 70 participants
Low

Oral phenylbutyrate vs placebo

Acquiring the ability to stand or walk · children with SMA type II

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral phenylbutyrate vs placebo

Change in quality of life · children with SMA type II

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral phenylbutyrate vs placebo

Change in pulmonary function · children with SMA type II

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 67 participants
Low

Oral valproic acid plus acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo

Change in disability score · non‐ambulatory children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 61 participants
Moderate

Oral valproic acid plus acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo

Muscle strength · non‐ambulatory children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 16 participants
Low

Oral valproic acid plus acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo

Acquiring the ability to stand or walk · non‐ambulatory children with SMA types II and III

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral valproic acid plus acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo

Change in quality of life · non‐ambulatory children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 54 participants
Very low

Oral valproic acid plus acetyl‐L‐carnitine vs placebo

Change in pulmonary function · non‐ambulatory children with SMA types II and III

1 finding from 1 review

Drug treatment for spinal muscular atrophy types II and III 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 24 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Disease‐specific quality of life · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean change from baseline in condition‐specific quality of lifeScale… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 4.41
12 studies · 6804 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Perception of improvement or cure · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics probably leads to higher patient perception of cure or improvement compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.38 [1.15, 1.66]
9 studies · 8457 participants
Moderate

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Number of urgency episodes per 24 hours: immediately after treatment · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean number of urgency episodes per 24 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.85
23 studies · 16875 participants
Moderate

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Adverse effects: dry mouth · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics may leads to higher adverse events: dry mouth compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.5 [3.26, 3.75]
66 studies · 38368 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Adverse events:urinary retention · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics may leads to higher adverse events:urinary retention compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 3.52 [2.04, 6.08]
17 studies · 7862 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Withdrawals due to adverse events · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics may leads to higher withdrawal due to adverse events compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.37 [1.21, 1.56]
61 studies · 36943 participants
Low

Anticholinergic medication vs placebo

Number of micturition episodes per 24 hours: immediately after treatment · Adults with overactive bladder (OAB)

Anticholinergics showed no clear difference in mean number of micturitions per 24 hours compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Oral anticholinergic drugs versus placebo or no treatment for managing overactive bladder syndrome in adults 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
MD 0.85
30 studies · 19395 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Proportion of patients who are seizure free between 4‐40 weeks · Patients with a clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes proportion of patients who are seizure free between 4‐40 weeks (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro temporal… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.04
1 study · 432 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Proportion of patients with an adverse event · Patients between three and 12 years old with clinical and EEG diagnosis of BECTS

The intervention showed no clear difference in proportion of patients with an adverse event (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Comparison of antiepileptic drugs, no treatment, or placebo for children with benign epilepsy with centro temporal… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.78 [0.15, 4.15]
1 study · 39 participants
Low