What do systematic reviews say?

Preoperative enteral nutrition (standard formula) vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 126 participants
  Very low

Preoperative enteral nutrition (standard formula) vs usual care or control

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  GRADE not reported

Immune‐enhancing supplements (oral or enteral) vs usual care or control

Immune‐enhancing supplements (oral or enteral) showed no clear difference in non‐ infectious complications recorded up to 30 days postdischarge compared with usual care or control (low certainty).

• Preoperative nutrition therapy in people undergoing gastrointestinal surgery 2024 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.79 [0.62, 1]
  8 studies · 1020 participants
  Low

Local excision vs radical resection

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

• Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  Studies not reported
  No studies found

Local excision vs radical resection

Local excision showed no clear difference in disease‐free survival (D‐FS)Â compared with radical resection (low certainty).

• Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.96 [0.91, 4.24]
  3 studies · 212 participants
  Low

Local excision vs radical resection

• Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 165 participants
  Low

Local excision vs radical resection

It is very uncertain whether local excision changes cancer‐related survival (C‐RS)Â compared with radical resection (very low certainty).

• Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 1.42 [0.6, 3.33]
  3 studies · 207 participants
  Very low

Local excision vs radical resection

• Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  4 studies · 265 participants
  Low

Local excision vs radical resection

Local excision showed no clear difference in major postoperative complications compared with radical resection (low certainty).

• Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.53 [0.22, 1.28]
  4 studies · 266 participants
  Low

Local excision vs radical resection

Local excision probably leads to lower minor postoperative complications compared with radical resection (moderate certainty).

• Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.48 [0.27, 0.85]
  4 studies · 266 participants
  Moderate

Local excision vs radical resection

• Local versus radical surgery for early rectal cancer with or without neoadjuvant or adjuvant therapy 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 55 participants
  Low

Adjunctive Coriolus versicolor vs no adjunctive treatment

Adjunctive Coriolus versicolor may leads to higher survival ‐ compared with no adjunctive treatment (low certainty).

• Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.08 [1.01, 1.15]
  3 studies · 1094 participants
  Low

Adjunctive Coriolus versicolor vs no adjunctive treatment

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive Coriolus versicolor changes withdrawal from treatment due to adverse events ‐ compared with no adjunctive treatment (very low certainty).

• Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 1.03 [0.45, 2.34]
  3 studies · 703 participants
  Very low

Adjunctive Coriolus versicolor vs no adjunctive treatment

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive Coriolus versicolor changes adverse events: Oral cavity disorders (includes oral dryness and… compared with no adjunctive treatment (very low certainty).

• Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.37 [0.13, 1.03]
  5 studies · 1022 participants
  Very low

Adjunctive Coriolus versicolor vs no adjunctive treatment

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive Coriolus versicolor changes adverse events: Nausea ‐ compared with no adjunctive treatment (very low certainty).

• Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.73 [0.44, 1.22]
  4 studies · 969 participants
  Very low

Adjunctive Coriolus versicolor vs no adjunctive treatment

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive Coriolus versicolor changes adverse events: Diarrhoea ‐ compared with no adjunctive treatment (very low certainty).

• Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.77 [0.32, 1.86]
  5 studies · 1022 participants
  Very low

Adjunctive Coriolus versicolor vs no adjunctive treatment

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive Coriolus versicolor changes adverse events: Neutrophils decreased ‐ compared with no adjunctive treatment (very low certainty).

• Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.41 [0.24, 0.71]
  3 studies · 133 participants
  Very low

Adjunctive Coriolus versicolor vs no adjunctive treatment

It is very uncertain whether adjunctive Coriolus versicolor changes adverse events: Fatigue ‐ compared with no adjunctive treatment (very low certainty).

• Coriolus (Trametes) versicolor mushroom to reduce adverse effects from chemotherapy or radiotherapy in people with… 2022 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 0.76 [0.33, 1.78]
  3 studies · 133 participants
  Very low

Irinotecan‐based regimens vs irinotecan

Irinotecan‐based regimens showed no clear difference in overall survival compared with irinotecan (low certainty).

• Second‐line systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  HR 0.91 [0.79, 1.04]
  6 studies · 2615 participants
  Low

Irinotecan‐based regimens vs irinotecan

Irinotecan‐based regimens leads to higher overall tumour response compared with irinotecan (high certainty).

• Second‐line systemic therapy for metastatic colorectal cancer 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RR 2.87 [2.1, 3.93]
  6 studies · 2577 participants
  High