Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

132 questions · 147 findings · 29 reviews · Neonatal

No studies found 41 · 27.9%GRADE not reported 4 · 2.7%Very low 29 · 19.7%Low 43 · 29.3%Moderate 19 · 12.9%High 11 · 7.5%

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia/chronic lung disease · prevention of reintubation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

4a. Death (at any time during initial hospitalization) – doxapram compared to no treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

4b. Death (at any time during initial hospitalization) – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

4a.Death at any time during initial hospitalization – doxapram compared to no treatment for the treatment of apnea · prevention of reintubation

It is very uncertain whether doxapram changes 4c. Death (at any time during initial hospitalization) – doxapram as… compared with no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline,… (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

5a.Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram compared to no treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

5b. Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram compared to alternative treatment for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

5c. Moderate‐to‐severe neurodevelopmental disability or intellectual impairment after 2 years of age – doxapram as an adjunct to methylxanthine compared to methylxanthine alone for the prevention of reintubation · prevention of reintubation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

side‐effects ‐ side‐effects causing abandon · prevention of reintubation

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

2 findings from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

Positive‐pressure ventilation after institution of treatment · treatment of apnea

It is very uncertain whether doxapram changes 2a. Need for positive pressure ventilation after initiation of… compared with no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline,… (very low certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Doxapram vs no treatment, placebo, methylxanthine (including theophylline, aminophylline, or caffeine), or

Chronic lung disease · treatment of apnea

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

3 findings from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment

Readmission for phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia

Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening probably leads to lower readmission for phototherapy for hyperbilirubinemia compared with visual assessment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment

Exchange transfusion · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia

Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening showed no clear difference in exchange transfusion compared with visual assessment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment

Phototherapy before hospital discharge · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia

Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening probably leads to higher phototherapy before hospital discharge compared with visual assessment (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening vs visual assessment

Acute bilirubin encephalopathy · newborns for hyperbilirubinemia

Summary of findings table ‐ Transcutaneous bilirubin (TcB) screening showed no clear difference in acute bilirubin encephalopathy compared with visual assessment (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Paracetamol vs ibuprofen

Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

Paracetamol showed no clear difference in failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by… compared with ibuprofen (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early paracetamol vs placebo or no intervention

Failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (assessed by post‐treatment ECHO) · preterm or low birth weight infants with PDA

Early paracetamol may leads to lower failure of PDA closure after first course of treatment (by… compared with placebo/no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review