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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Day hospital vs Inpatient Extent of hospital care: 3. duration of day patient care (adjusted days/month) · patients with acute psychiatric disorders Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 465 participants | Very low |
Day hospital vs Inpatient Extent of hospital care: 5. readmitted to in/day patient care after discharge · patients with acute psychiatric disorders Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.72, 1.15] | 5 studies · 667 participants | Very low |
Day hospital vs Inpatient Unemployed (at end of study) · patients with acute psychiatric disorders Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.67, 0.97] | 2 studies · 320 participants | Low |
Day hospital vs Inpatient Quality of life: average overall role score ‐ at 12 months MANSA ‐ Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life · patients with acute psychiatric disorders Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1117 participants | Moderate |
Day hospital vs Inpatient Treatment satisfaction: average overall role score ‐ at discharge CAT ‐ Client Assessment of Treatment · patients with acute psychiatric disorders Day hospital versus admission for acute psychiatric disorders (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1117 participants | Moderate |
PHASE SPECIFIC TREATMENT (RISPERIDONE + CBT) + SPECIALISED TEAM vs SPECIALISED TEAM Leaving the study early ‐ by 12 months · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Moderate |
PHASE SPECIFIC TREATMENT (RISPERIDONE + CBT) + SPECIALISED TEAM vs SPECIALISED TEAM Progression to psychosis ‐ by 6 months · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.27 [0.08, 0.89] | 1 study · 59 participants | Moderate |
PHASE SPECIFIC TREATMENT (RISPERIDONE + CBT) + SPECIALISED TEAM vs SPECIALISED TEAM Progression to psychosis ‐ by 12 months · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.23, 1.3] | 1 study · 59 participants | Moderate |
SPECIALISED TEAM vs STANDARD CARE Compliance with treatment ‐ treatment stopped in spite of need ‐ by one year · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.1, 0.42] | 1 study · 507 participants | Moderate |
SPECIALISED TEAM vs STANDARD CARE Compliance with treatment ‐ treatment stopped in spite of need ‐ by two years · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.29, 1.5] | 1 study · 436 participants | Moderate |
SPECIALISED TEAM vs STANDARD CARE Service use: 1. Average mean number of days per month in hospital ‐ by 5 years · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 547 participants | Moderate |
SPECIALISED TEAM vs STANDARD CARE Service use: 2. Not hospitalised ‐ by five years · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.9, 1.22] | 1 study · 547 participants | Moderate |
SPECIALISED TEAM vs STANDARD CARE Social outcomes: 1. Not living independently ‐ by 5 years · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.21, 0.83] | 1 study · 547 participants | Moderate |
SPECIALISED TEAM vs STANDARD CARE Social outcomes: 2. Not working or in education ‐ by 5 years · patients with psychosis Early intervention for psychosis (2011) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.92, 1.23] | 1 study · 547 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Poor compliance with study protocol · people with schizophrenia or like psychosis Aripiprazole versus placebo for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.53, 0.97] | 8 studies · 2275 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Relapse · people with schizophrenia or like psychosis Aripiprazole versus placebo for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane | RR 0.66 [0.57, 0.75] | 2 studies · 573 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Weight gain (equal or greater then 7% of baseline) · people with schizophrenia or like psychosis Aripiprazole versus placebo for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane | RR 2.33 [1.17, 4.66] | 3 studies · 615 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Concomitant medication (Anxiolytic ‐ Lorazepam) · people with schizophrenia or like psychosis Aripiprazole versus placebo for schizophrenia (2011) · Cochrane | OR 0.96 | 2 studies · 787 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Service utilisation: Hospital admission ‐ at about 12 months · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.63, 0.98] | 9 studies · 532 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Global state: Relapse ‐ at about 12 months · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.55 [0.48, 0.62] | 32 studies · 2981 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Compliance: Poor compliance with medication · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.49, 0.73] | 10 studies · 695 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Social functioning: Specific ‐ unemployed ‐ at about 1 year · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.89, 1.25] | 5 studies · 285 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Social functioning: Specific ‐ unable to live independently ‐ at about 1 year · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.66, 1.03] | 3 studies · 164 participants | Low |
ANY FAMILY BASED INTERVENTIONS (>5 sessions) vs STANDARD CARE Family outcome: Burden ‐ not improved/worse (objective burden related to self‐sufficiency) · patients with schizophrenia Family intervention for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.21, 1.37] | 1 study · 51 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs CLOZAPINE Mental state: Average score (BPRS total, high=poor) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Scale from: 0 to 126. · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs RISPERIDONE Behaviour: No clinically important response (as defined by the original studies) · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ZOTEPINE vs REMOXIPRIDE Mental state: Average endpoint score (BPRS total, high=poor) Scale from: 0 to 129. · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs REMOXIPRIDE Global state: No clinically important response (as defined by the original studies) · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ZOTEPINE vs REMOXIPRIDE Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects ‐ use of antiparkinson medication · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.41, 2.29] | 1 study · 49 participants | Low |
ZOTEPINE vs REMOXIPRIDE Behaviour: No clinically important response (as defined by the original studies) · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ZOTEPINE vs CLOZAPINE Global state: No clinically important response (as defined by the original studies) clinical assessment · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 8.23 [1.14, 59.17] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs CLOZAPINE Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects ‐ use of antiparkinson medication · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 20.96 [2.89, 151.9] | 2 studies · 116 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs CLOZAPINE Behaviour: No clinically important response (as defined by the original studies) · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ZOTEPINE vs RISPERIDONE Mental state: Average endpoint score (BPRS total, high=poor) ‐ vs 4mg Risperidone Scale from: 0 to 129. · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs RISPERIDONE Mental state: Average endpoint score (BPRS total, high=poor) ‐ vs 8 mg Risperidone Scale from: 0 to 129. · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs RISPERIDONE Global state: No clinically important response (as defined by the original studies) · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ZOTEPINE vs RISPERIDONE Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects ‐ use of antiparkinson medication ‐ vs 4mg risperidone · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 6 [0.79, 45.42] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
ZOTEPINE vs RISPERIDONE Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal effects ‐ use of antiparkinson medication ‐ vs 8mg risperidone · patients with schizophrenia Zotepine versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2010) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.69, 13.12] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Weight: Body weight (kg) ‐ switching to haloperidol decanoate from fluphenazine decanoate · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 19 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Weight: 2a. BMI ‐ Increase · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.13, 0.57] | 1 study · 173 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Physiological measures: 1c. Average fasting glucose change ‐ switching to aripiprazole and quetiapine · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 280 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Global state: Relapse · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.55, 3.11] | 1 study · 133 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Adverse events: 1a. Serious adverse event ‐ switching to aripiprazole · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.24, 1.71] | 1 study · 172 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1b. NEW ATYPICAL from OLANZAPINE ‐ medium term (3‐12 months) Satisfaction with care: Loss to · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 1.4 [0.89, 2.21] | 1 study · 173 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Weight: Gain‐more than or equal to 7% from baseline · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.15, 2.47] | 1 study · 207 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Weight: BMI not improved · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Physiological measure: Metabolic syndrome · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Intervention NR Global state: Average change (CGI‐I, high=good) · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 203 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Mental state: Average change (PANSS, high decline=good) · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 198 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ‐ NEW ANTIPSYCHOTIC REGIMEN vs CONTINUATION ON PREVIOUS REGIMEN: 1a. DIFFERENT DEPOT from DEPOT‐medium term (3‐12 months) Weight: BMI not improved · patients with people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic problems Antipsychotic switching for people with schizophrenia who have neuroleptic‐induced weight or metabolic… (2010) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 3 participants | Ungraded |