Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

1,438 questions · 1,463 findings · 125 reviews · Anaesthesia

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No studies found 197 · 13.5%GRADE not reported 203 · 13.9%Very low 307 · 21%Low 441 · 30.1%Moderate 245 · 16.7%High 70 · 4.8%

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure : Tourniquet pain · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple leads to lower secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain compared with double‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.53 [0.33, 0.84]
7 studies · 719 participants
High

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Complete failure of block1 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in complete failure of block1 compared with double‐injection technique (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.24 [0.04, 1.41]
9 studies · 630 participants
Low

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Time to readiness for surgery2 (minutes) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 524 participants
Moderate

Double vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure: Intraoperative sedation required · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.64 [0.31, 1.31]
2 studies · 129 participants
Moderate

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Intravascular injection · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in intravascular injection compared with double‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.32, 1.49]
7 studies · 676 participants
Moderate

Multiple vs double‐injection technique

Adverse effects lasting more than 24 hours3 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
6 studies · 510 participants
Low

Double vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure : Tourniquet pain · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ tourniquet pain compared with single‐injection technique (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.58 [0.22, 1.52]
2 studies · 104 participants
Moderate

Double vs single‐injection technique

Complete failure of block3 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in complete failure of block3 compared with single‐injection technique (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.29 [0.33, 5.01]
7 studies · 368 participants
Low

Double vs single‐injection technique

Time to readiness for surgery2 (minutes) · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
0 studies · 0 participants
GRADE not reported

Double vs single‐injection technique

Intravascular injection · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Double showed no clear difference in intravascular injection compared with single‐injection technique (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 4.15 [0.46, 37.13]
2 studies · 90 participants
Low

Double vs single‐injection technique

Adverse effects lasting more than 24 hours3 · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 119 participants
Low

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Primary anaesthesia failure · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple leads to lower primary anaesthesia failure compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.25 [0.14, 0.42]
9 studies · 712 participants
High

Multiple vs single‐injection technique

Secondary analgesia failure: Intraoperative sedation required · Adult patients undergoing hand, wrist or forearm surgery

Multiple showed no clear difference in secondary analgesia failure ‐ intraoperative sedation required compared with single‐injection technique (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Single, double or multiple‐injection techniques for non‐ultrasound guided axillary brachial plexus block in adults… 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.7 [0.41, 1.19]
5 studies · 482 participants
High

Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief

Mortality in hospital or up to 30 days · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

Epidural pain relief showed no clear difference in mortality in hospital or up to 30 days compared with systemic opioid‐based pain relief (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.06 [0.6, 1.86]
14 studies · 1383 participants
Low

Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief

Myocardial infarction · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

Epidural pain relief probably leads to lower myocardial infarction compared with systemic opioid‐based pain relief (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.54 [0.3, 0.97]
7 studies · 851 participants
Moderate

Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief

Duration of tracheal intubation · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 975 participants
Low

Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief

Respiratory failure · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

Epidural pain relief probably leads to lower respiratory failure compared with systemic opioid‐based pain relief (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.69 [0.56, 0.85]
6 studies · 861 participants
Moderate

Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief

Gastrointestinal bleeding · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

Epidural pain relief leads to lower gastrointestinal bleeding compared with systemic opioid‐based pain relief (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.2 [0.06, 0.65]
4 studies · 487 participants
High

Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief

Pain (VAS scores) on movement at postoperative day 1 Scale from: 0 to 10. · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 162 participants
High

Epidural pain relief vs systemic opioid‐based pain relief

Length of critical care stay (hours) · people undergoing abdominal aortic surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Epidural pain relief versus systemic opioid‐based pain relief for abdominal aortic surgery 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 523 participants
Moderate