Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Bromperidol decanoate vs placebo Adverse effects ‐ increased weight · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.14, 65.9] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs placebo Adverse effects ‐ stiffness · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.25 [0.03, 1.86] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs other depot antipsychotic drugs Global state: Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.92 [1.05, 14.6] | 2 studies · 67 participants | Low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs other depot antipsychotic drugs Global state: Hospital admission · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.72 [0.7, 4.24] | 2 studies · 67 participants | Low |
Bromperidol decanoate vs other depot antipsychotic drugs Global state: Response ‐ proxy outcome ‐ mental state: 1. General ‐ average score (Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale by over 24 weeks · patients with schizophrenia Bromperidol decanoate (depot) for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 30 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ SPECIFIC: SILDENAFIL vs PLACEBO Sexual function: Subjective assessment (number of erections) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 31 participants | Low |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ NON‐SPECIFIC: SELEGILINE vs PLACEBO Quality of life Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ NON‐SPECIFIC: SELEGILINE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Death Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ NON‐SPECIFIC: SELEGILINE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Psychopathology (PANSS) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ NON‐SPECIFIC: SELEGILINE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms (Simpson‐Angus) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO QUETIAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE Sexual function: Subjective assessment (ASEX scale) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 36 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO QUETIAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE Sexual function: Subjective assessment (prolactin levels, ng/ml) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO QUETIAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE Leaving the study early · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | RR 2.2 [0.45, 10.74] | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO QUETIAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE Quality of life Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO QUETIAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE Adverse effects: Death Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO QUETIAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE Adverse effects: Psychopathology (PANSS) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 42 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ SPECIFIC: SILDENAFIL vs PLACEBO Sexual function: Objective assessment (Global efficacy questionnaire, improved erections) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | OR 11.76 [6.54, 21.13] | 1 study · 31 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO QUETIAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO OLANZAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE/FGA Sexual function: Subjective assessment (GISF) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO OLANZAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE/FGA Sexual function: Objective assessment (prolactin levels, ng/ml) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO OLANZAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE/FGA Leaving the study early · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | RR 2.25 [0.79, 6.43] | 1 study · 54 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO OLANZAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE/FGA Quality of life Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO OLANZAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE/FGA Adverse effects: Death Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO OLANZAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE/FGA Adverse effects: Psychopathology ‐ various scales · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
SWITCHING ANTIPSYCHOTIC: TO OLANZAPINE vs MAINTENANCE RISPERIDONE/FGA Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms ‐ various scales · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ SPECIFIC: SILDENAFIL vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.62] | 1 study · 32 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ SPECIFIC: SILDENAFIL vs PLACEBO Quality of life Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ SPECIFIC: SILDENAFIL vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Death Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ SPECIFIC: SILDENAFIL vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Psychotic symptoms Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ SPECIFIC: SILDENAFIL vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Extrapyramidal symptoms Not reported · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ NON‐SPECIFIC: SELEGILINE vs PLACEBO Sexual function: Subjective assessment (Aizenburg's scale) · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 1 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT ‐ NON‐SPECIFIC: SELEGILINE vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early · patients with sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy Management of sexual dysfunction due to antipsychotic drug therapy (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 10 participants | Very low |
BENZODIAZEPINES AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO No clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.44, 1.02] | 6 studies · 382 participants | Very low |
BENZODIAZEPINES vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.44, 1.3] | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS No clinically important response to treatment ‐ ultra short term (at 60 minutes) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.07 [0, 1.13] | 1 study · 45 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS No clinically important response to treatment ‐ ultra short term (at 12 hours) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.51, 1.41] | 1 study · 67 participants | Low |
ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS No clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term (3 weeks or longer) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.87 [0.49, 1.54] | 6 studies · 511 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS Leaving the study early due to any reason (overall acceptability of treatment) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.36 [0.81, 2.3] | 19 studies · 1185 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS Leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability of treatment) ‐ short term · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 3.24 [0.68, 15.45] | 6 studies · 415 participants | Very low |
ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ tranquillised at 60 minutes · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.39 [1.06, 1.83] | 1 study · 45 participants | Low |
ADJUNCTIVE BENZODIAZEPINES + ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs PLACEBO/NO ADJUNCTIVE TREATMENT + ANTIPSYCHOTICS Desired sedation ‐ ultra short term ‐ asleep at 12 hours · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.51, 1.41] | 1 study · 67 participants | Low |
BENZODIAZEPINES AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early due to any reason (overall acceptability of treatment) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.57, 1.38] | 8 studies · 440 participants | Very low |
BENZODIAZEPINES AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability of treatment) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 161 participants | Very low |
BENZODIAZEPINES AS SOLE TREATMENT vs PLACEBO Number of participants tranquillised at endpoint of the study (Desired sedation/tranquillisation) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
BENZODIAZEPINES vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS No clinically important response to treatment ‐ ultra short term (at 60 minutes) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.2, 1.86] | 1 study · 44 participants | Very low |
BENZODIAZEPINES vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS No clinically important response to treatment ‐ ultra short term (at 12 hours) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.44, 1.3] | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
BENZODIAZEPINES vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS No clinically important response to treatment ‐ short term · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [0.64, 3.46] | 2 studies · 112 participants | Very low |
BENZODIAZEPINES vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS Leaving the study early due to any reason (overall acceptability of treatment) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.45, 1.18] | 13 studies · 738 participants | Very low |
BENZODIAZEPINES vs ANTIPSYCHOTICS Leaving the study early due to adverse effects (overall tolerability of treatment) · people with schizophrenia Benzodiazepines for schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 13 [0.78, 216.39] | 5 studies · 444 participants | Very low |
Technology‐mediated psychoeducation vs standard care intervention Compliance/satisfaction: leaving the study early ‐ any reason · patients with people with schizophrenia Information and communication technology in patient education and support for people with schizophrenia (2012) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.81, 1.88] | 2 studies · 116 participants | Very low |