Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

973 questions · 1,024 findings · 106 reviews

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No studies found 235 · 22.9%GRADE not reported 59 · 5.8%Very low 207 · 20.2%Low 271 · 26.5%Moderate 177 · 17.3%High 75 · 7.3%

Intervention not reported

Minor adverse events · [People] with [Multiple Sclerosis]

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin D for the management of multiple sclerosis 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 701 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Stroke and other systemic embolic events · people with atrial fibrillation deemed eligible for long‐term anticoagulant treatment

The intervention leads to lower stroke and other systemic embolic events (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.89 [0.82, 0.97]
13 studies · 67477 participants
High

Intervention not reported

All strokes · people with atrial fibrillation deemed eligible for long‐term anticoagulant treatment

The intervention leads to lower all strokes (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.89 [0.81, 0.97]
13 studies · 67449 participants
High

Intervention not reported

Major bleedings · people with atrial fibrillation deemed eligible for long‐term anticoagulant treatment

The intervention probably leads to lower major bleedings (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.78 [0.73, 0.84]
13 studies · 67396 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Intracranial haemorrhages · people with atrial fibrillation deemed eligible for long‐term anticoagulant treatment

The intervention leads to lower intracranial haemorrhages (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.5 [0.42, 0.59]
12 studies · 66259 participants
High

Intervention not reported

All‐cause deaths · people with atrial fibrillation deemed eligible for long‐term anticoagulant treatment

The intervention probably leads to lower all‐cause deaths (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Factor Xa inhibitors versus vitamin K antagonists for preventing cerebral or systemic embolism in patients with atrial… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 0.89 [0.83, 0.95]
10 studies · 65624 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs placebo

Supplementation with beta‐carotene + vit C + vit E Overall cognitive functioning · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life

2 findings from 1 review

Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 20536 participants
Moderate
Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1100 participants
Moderate

Antioxidants vs placebo

Incidence of dementia · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 25 participants
Low

Zinc + copper vs placebo

Cognitive function · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1072 participants
Moderate

Zinc + copper vs placebo

Incidence of dementia or MCI · cognitively healthy people in mid and late life

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin and mineral supplementation for maintaining cognitive function in cognitively healthy people in mid and late… 2018 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 1072 participants
Low

Beta‐carotene vs placebo

Neovascular AMD · general population

It is very uncertain whether beta‐carotene changes neovascular AMD compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.61 [0.17, 2.15]
1 study · 941 participants
Very low

Beta‐carotene vs placebo

Geographic atrophy · general population

It is very uncertain whether beta‐carotene changes geographic atrophy compared with placebo (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.31 [0.03, 2.93]
1 study · 941 participants
Very low

Beta‐carotene vs placebo

Quality of life · general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Beta‐carotene vs placebo

Adverse effects · general population

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
High

Beta‐carotene vs placebo

Resource use and costs · general population

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Beta‐carotene vs placebo

Any AMD · general population

Beta‐carotene showed no clear difference in any AMD compared with placebo (high certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.88, 1.14]
2 studies · 22083 participants
High

Beta‐carotene vs placebo

Progression to late AMD (neovascular AMD, geographic atrophy or both) · general population

Beta‐carotene showed no clear difference in late AMD (either neovascular AMD or geographic atrophy or both) compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antioxidant vitamin and mineral supplements for preventing age‐related macular degeneration 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.9 [0.65, 1.24]
2 studies · 22083 participants
Moderate

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Recurrent VTE · patients with symptomatic VTE requiring long term treatment (3 months) for symptomatic VTE

LMWH showed no clear difference in incidence of recurrent VTE (treatment duration 3 months) compared with VKA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin K antagonists versus low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the long term treatment of symptomatic venous… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.83 [0.6, 1.15]
16 studies · 3299 participants
Moderate

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Major bleeding · patients with symptomatic VTE requiring long term treatment (3 months) for symptomatic VTE

LMWH may leads to lower incidence of major bleeding (treatment duration 3 months) compared with VKA (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin K antagonists versus low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the long term treatment of symptomatic venous… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 0.51 [0.32, 0.8]
16 studies · 3299 participants
Low

Low molecular weight heparin vs vitamin K antagonist (VKA)

Mortality (treatment duration 3 months) · patients with symptomatic VTE requiring long term treatment (3 months) for symptomatic VTE

LMWH showed no clear difference in mortality (treatment duration 3 months) compared with VKA (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Vitamin K antagonists versus low‐molecular‐weight heparin for the long term treatment of symptomatic venous… 2017 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
Peto OR 1.08 [0.75, 1.56]
16 studies · 3299 participants
Moderate