Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,288 questions · 3,354 findings · 516 reviews · Headline outcomes only

No studies found 720 · 21.5%GRADE not reported 164 · 4.9%Very low 950 · 28.3%Low 932 · 27.8%Moderate 434 · 12.9%High 154 · 4.6%

Betamethasone 12‐hourly vs 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes

Intraventricular haemorrhage · women at risk of preterm birth

It is very uncertain whether betamethasone 12‐hourly changes intraventricular haemorrhage compared with 24‐hourly dosing – fetal/neonatal outcomes (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for involving patients in decision‐making about their health care vs usual care

Psychiatric symptoms Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS; Overall 1988): 16 items with 7‐item Likert scale ('not present' to 'extremely severe') measured 6 months after intervention (Yamaguchi 2017). · patients with mental health disorders
1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Delayed gastric emptying (all definitions) · adults with any pancreatic diagnosis leading to an indication for elective (classical, pylorus‐preserving, pylorus‐resecting) partial…

The intervention showed no clear difference in delayed gastric emptying (all definitions) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention

Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence · children and adults

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention showed no clear difference in ascaris lumbricoides prevalence compared with no WASH intervention (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention vs no WASH intervention

Trichuris trichiura prevalence · children and adults

Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) intervention showed no clear difference in trichuris trichiura prevalence compared with no WASH intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antihistamines vs scopolamine

Physiological measures: core temperature and gastric tachyarrhythmia (electrogastrography) · patients with motion sickness

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antihistamines vs acupuncture

Physiological measures: heart rate, core temperature and gastric tachyarrhythmia (electrogastrography) · patients with motion sickness

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Antihistamines vs placebo

Adverse effects: 1. Sedation · patients with motion sickness

Antihistamines may leads to higher adverse effects: sedation Assessed by: adverse effect questionnaire… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antihistamines vs placebo

Adverse effects: impaired cognition Assessed by: adverse effect questionnaire (presence or absence given numerical values) · patients with motion sickness

Antihistamines showed no clear difference in adverse effects: impaired cognition Assessed by: adverse effect… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Antihistamines vs placebo

Adverse effects ‐ Blurred vision No of patients with blurred vision · patients with motion sickness

Antihistamines showed no clear difference in adverse effects: blurred vision Assessed by: adverse effect… compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Restricted and repetitive behaviours and interests at baseline and · children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Whole‐facility changes: Home‐like models vs traditional environment

Global behaviour Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), Neuropsychiatric Inventory‐Nursing Home version (NPI‐NH) and Nurses Observations Scale for Geriatric Patients (NOSGER) (lower scores = better) · older adults living in long‐term residential care including, but not limited to, dementia‐specific care settings
1 finding from 1 review

Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise)

Vascular access complications · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation

It is very uncertain whether upper limb exercise training changes vascular access complications (isometric versus isotonic exercise… compared with control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise)

Ultrasound maturation (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation

Upper limb exercise training may leads to higher ultrasound maturation (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) compared with control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Upper limb exercise training vs control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise)

Clinical maturation (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) · CKD patients who underwent AVF creation

Upper limb exercise training may leads to higher clinical maturation (isometric versus isotonic exercise training) compared with control (no intervention/usual care/isotonic exercise) (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review