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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant

current versions

No studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
CERA vs other ESA Transfusions: CERA every 2 weeks versus rHuEPO · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.92 [0.64, 1.32]	4 studies · 1341 participants	Moderate
CERA vs other ESA Numbers of adverse events due to hypertension: CERA every 2 weeks versus rHuEPO · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.26]	4 studies · 1341 participants	High
CERA vs other ESA Numbers of adverse events due to access thrombosis: CERA every 2 weeks versus rHuEPO · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.56, 1.65]	4 studies · 1341 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR Final Hb (g/dL) · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 675 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · patients with the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease undergoing dialysis Frequency of administration of erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents for the anaemia of end‐stage kidney disease… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.6, 1.78]	2 studies · 822 participants	High
Intervention NR Major cardiovascular events · adults with chronic kidney disease HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.66, 1.06]	1 study · 2102 participants	Low
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · adults with chronic kidney disease HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.08 [0.63, 1.83]	6 studies · 2760 participants	Low
Intervention NR Cardiovascular mortality · adults with chronic kidney disease HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) for kidney transplant recipients (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.68 [0.45, 1.01]	4 studies · 2322 participants	Low
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality (8 months) · adults with CKD Calcimimetics for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.97 [0.89, 95]	14 studies · 6893 participants	High
Intervention NR Parathyroidectomy (9 months) · adults with CKD Calcimimetics for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.49 [0.4, 0.59]	5 studies · 4893 participants	High
Intervention NR Hypocalcaemia (7 months) · adults with CKD Calcimimetics for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients (2014) · Cochrane	RR 6.98 [5.1, 9.53]	12 studies · 6415 participants	High
Intervention NR Nausea (7 months) · adults with CKD Calcimimetics for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients (2014) · Cochrane	RR 2.02 [1.45, 2.81]	12 studies · 6450 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR GFR category G3a‐G4 · adults with CKD Calcimimetics for secondary hyperparathyroidism in chronic kidney disease patients (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 participants	Ungraded
Intervention NR Haematocrit (%) · adults with the anaemia of chronic kidney disease Androgens for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 73 participants	Low
Intervention NR Haemoglobin (g/dL) · adults with the anaemia of chronic kidney disease Androgens for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 32 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serum albumin (g/L) · adults with the anaemia of chronic kidney disease Androgens for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease in adults (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 51 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Adverse events · adults with the anaemia of chronic kidney disease Androgens for the anaemia of chronic kidney disease in adults (2014) · Cochrane	RR 7.72 [1.45, 41.12]	2 studies · 83 participants	Very low
Astragalus and co‐interventions vs same co‐interventions alone Time to requirement for RRT/initiation of dialysis · patients with CKD Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Astragalus and co‐interventions vs same co‐interventions alone All‐cause mortality · patients with CKD Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	0 studies · 0 participants	Ungraded
Astragalus and co‐interventions vs same co‐interventions alone Creatinine clearance (after treatment) · patients with CKD Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 306 participants	Low
Astragalus and co‐interventions vs same co‐interventions alone Serum creatinine (after treatment) · patients with CKD Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	14 studies · 841 participants	Low
Astragalus and co‐interventions vs same co‐interventions alone h proteinuria (after treatment) · patients with CKD Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	11 studies · 706 participants	Low
Astragalus and co‐interventions vs same co‐interventions alone Albumin · patients with CKD Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	10 studies · 588 participants	Low
Astragalus and co‐interventions vs same co‐interventions alone Haemoglobin · patients with CKD Astragalus (a traditional Chinese medicine) for treating chronic kidney disease (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	4 studies · 222 participants	Moderate
Intervention NR All‐cause mortality · patients with rhabdomyolysis Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.17 [0.02, 1.37]	1 study · 43 participants	Low
Intervention NR Length of hospital stay · patients with rhabdomyolysis Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 43 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serum myoglobin: day 4 · patients with rhabdomyolysis Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 36 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serum myoglobin: day 8 · patients with rhabdomyolysis Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 36 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serum myoglobin: day 10 · patients with rhabdomyolysis Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 22 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serum creatinine: day 4 · patients with rhabdomyolysis Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 36 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serum creatinine: day 8 · patients with rhabdomyolysis Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 36 participants	Low
Intervention NR Serum creatinine: day 10 · patients with rhabdomyolysis Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) for rhabdomyolysis (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 22 participants	Low
Isoniazid vs no treatment Tuberculosis · kidney transplant recipients Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing post solid organ transplant tuberculosis (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.35 [0.14, 0.89]	3 studies · 558 participants	Moderate
Isoniazid vs no treatment INH hepatotoxicity Jaundice, elevated bilirubin, elevated liver enzymes · kidney transplant recipients Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing post solid organ transplant tuberculosis (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.59 [1.06, 2.4]	3 studies · 558 participants	Moderate
Isoniazid vs no treatment All‐cause mortality · kidney transplant recipients Antibiotic prophylaxis for preventing post solid organ transplant tuberculosis (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.39 [0.7, 2.78]	3 studies · 558 participants	Low
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs conventional therapy Residual kidney function (3 months) · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 44 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs conventional therapy Diastolic BP · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 110 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs conventional therapy Serum potassium · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 44 participants	Low
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs conventional therapy Adverse events (episodes of peritonitis) · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.67 [0.18, 2.54]	1 study · 34 participants	Low
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Decline in residual kidney function (12 months) · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Anuria · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 0.32 [0.11, 0.94]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Mortality · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.5 [0.27, 8.34]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Cardiac events · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.37, 3.21]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Cardiac events (fatal) · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.15, 6.64]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Cardiac events (non fatal) · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.31, 3.27]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Adverse events (episodes of peritonitis) · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.13 [0.47, 2.71]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs conventional therapy Residual kidney function (6 months) · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 44 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Adverse events (episodes of peritonitis) ‐ treated with an aminoglycoside · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1.2 [0.41, 3.51]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) vs conventional therapy Adverse events (episodes of peritonitis) ‐ not treated with an aminoglycoside · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.22, 4.56]	1 study · 60 participants	Moderate
Angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) vs angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEis) Residual kidney function (4 weeks) · patients receiving PD Angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers for preserving residual kidney… (2014) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 20 participants	Low