Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

4,756 questions · 11,779 findings · 747 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 3,205 · 27.2%GRADE not reported 628 · 5.3%Very low 3,261 · 27.7%Low 2,913 · 24.7%Moderate 1,453 · 12.3%High 319 · 2.7%

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Intervention not reported

Low‐dose atropine (< 0.1%) · children with progressive myopia (21 studies, 4169 participants in the analysis) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 249 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Orthokeratology · children with progressive myopia (21 studies, 4169 participants in the analysis) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 49 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Multifocal soft contact lenses · children with progressive myopia (21 studies, 4169 participants in the analysis) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 540 participants
Moderate

Intervention not reported

Rigid gas‐permeable contact lenses · children with progressive myopia (21 studies, 4169 participants in the analysis) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 154 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Peripheral plus spectacle lenses · children with progressive myopia (21 studies, 4169 participants in the analysis) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 188 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Multifocal spectacle lenses · children with progressive myopia (21 studies, 4169 participants in the analysis) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 404 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Undercorrected single vision spectacles · children with progressive myopia (21 studies, 4169 participants in the analysis) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 122 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Pirenzepine · children with progressive myopia (38 studies, 6525 participants in analyses) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 210 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

7‐methyxanthine · children with progressive myopia (38 studies, 6525 participants in analyses) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 77 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Multifocal soft contact lenses · children with progressive myopia (38 studies, 6525 participants in analyses) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
8 studies · 712 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Rigid gas‐permeable contact lenses · children with progressive myopia (38 studies, 6525 participants in analyses) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 178 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Peripheral plus spectacle lenses · children with progressive myopia (38 studies, 6525 participants in analyses) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
5 studies · 480 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Multifocal spectacle lenses · children with progressive myopia (38 studies, 6525 participants in analyses) Interventions: optical and pharmacological Comparator:…

1 finding from 1 review

Interventions for myopia control in children: a living systematic review and network meta‐analysis 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
9 studies · 729 participants
Low

Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

It is very uncertain whether combinations of conservative treatments changes number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events:… compared with no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 2.92 [0.31, 27.41]
2 studies · 136 participants
Very low

Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction

Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 205 participants
Very low

Intervention not reported

Component · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Nicotine tapering · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in nicotine tapering (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.14 [1, 1.29]
111 studies · 33156 participants
Low

Intervention not reported

Component · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Intervention not reported

Varenicline · adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who smoked cigarettes Components: components of pharmacological and e‐cigarette (EC) interventions for smoking…

The intervention showed no clear difference in varenicline (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Pharmacological and electronic cigarette interventions for smoking cessation in adults: component network meta‐analyses 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
OR 1.18 [0.93, 1.49]
42 studies · 13407 participants
Low