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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonism medium term (3‐12 months) Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + PLACEBO Quality of life: average change score medium term (3‐12 months) Specific Level of Functioning scale (SLOF) · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 53 participants | Low |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Global state: relapse medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: no improvement medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: presence of first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Mental state: specific symptoms first‐rank symptoms medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonism (rigidity) short term (< 3 months) Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects Parkinsonism (tremor) short term (< 3 months) Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale (ESRS) · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
PIMOZIDE + ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC vs ANTIPSYCHOTIC + ANTIPSYCHOTIC Quality of life: average change score medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects: Parkinsonism (rigidity) short term (<3 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 5.5 [0.3, 101.28] | 1 study · 19 participants | Very low |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects:Parkinsonism (rigidity) medium term (3‐12 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.14, 12.82] | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: extrapyramidal adverse effects:Parkinsonism (tremor) medium term (3‐12 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.2, 4.95] | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
PIMOZIDE vs PLACEBO Quality of life: no significant change in quality of life/satisfaction medium term (3‐12 months) not reported · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
PIMOZIDE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Global state: relapse medium term (3‐12 months) Clinical diagnoses · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.57, 1.17] | 7 studies · 227 participants | Moderate |
PIMOZIDE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTIC Mental state: no improvement medium term (3‐12 months) As defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia or related psychoses Pimozide for schizophrenia or related psychoses (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.08, 15.41] | 1 study · 23 participants | Very low |
STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES Leaving the study early (2‐10 weeks) vs. standard higher dose (> 7.5‐15 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.01, 2.12] | 2 studies · 64 participants | Very low |
STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES Leaving the study early (2‐10 weeks) vs. high dose (> 15‐35 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.47, 1.28] | 4 studies · 191 participants | Very low |
STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES Global state: 1. No clinically significant response in global state (2‐10 weeks) vs. standard higher dose (> 7.5‐15 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.67, 1.75] | 1 study · 48 participants | Very low |
STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES Global state: 1. No clinically significant response in global state (2‐10 weeks) vs. high dose (> 15‐35 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.75, 1.19] | 2 studies · 81 participants | Very low |
STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES Adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side effects (2‐10 weeks) vs. standard higher dose (> 7.5‐15 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.12 [0.01, 2.12] | 2 studies · 64 participants | Very low |
STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES Adverse effects: 1. Clinically significant extrapyramidal side effects (2‐10 weeks) vs. high dose (> 15‐35 mg/day) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.59 [0.45, 0.78] | 3 studies · 144 participants | Very low |
STANDARD LOWER DOSE (> 3 to 7.5 mg/day) vs OTHER DOSES Mental state/behaviour: clinically significant agitation (2‐10 weeks) · people with the acute phase of schizophrenia Haloperidol dose for the acute phase of schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.69, 1.26] | 1 study · 65 participants | Very low |
HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO Death ‐ suicide and natural causes · patients with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO Overall improvement: No marked global improvement Rated by clinician · patients with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.58, 0.78] | 8 studies · 307 participants | Moderate |
HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO Not discharged from hospital · patients with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.47, 1.52] | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.69 [0.55, 0.86] | 2 studies · 70 participants | Very low |
HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.54 [0.29, 1] | 8 studies · 304 participants | Moderate |
HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO Satisfaction with treatment · patients with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
HALOPERIDOL vs PLACEBO Adverse effects: Movement disorders ‐ parkinsonism · patients with schizophrenia Haloperidol versus placebo for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 5.48 [2.68, 11.22] | 5 studies · 485 participants | Moderate |
Early warning signs training and treatment as usual vs treatment Relapse: Rate of relapse · patients with schizophrenia Training to recognise the early signs of recurrence in schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.53 [0.36, 0.79] | 15 studies · 1502 participants | Very low |
Early warning signs training and treatment as usual vs treatment Relapse: Time to relapse · patients with schizophrenia Training to recognise the early signs of recurrence in schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | HR 0.53 [0.27, 1.06] | 6 studies · 550 participants | Very low |
Early warning signs training and treatment as usual vs treatment Service use: Rate of re‐hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Training to recognise the early signs of recurrence in schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.48 [0.35, 0.66] | 15 studies · 1457 participants | Very low |
Early warning signs training and treatment as usual vs treatment Service use: Time to re‐hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Training to recognise the early signs of recurrence in schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | HR 0.58 [0.33, 1.04] | 6 studies · 1149 participants | Very low |
Early warning signs training and treatment as usual vs treatment Satisfaction with care · patients with schizophrenia Training to recognise the early signs of recurrence in schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 3 participants | Very low |
Early warning signs training and treatment as usual vs treatment Adverse events: Lost to · patients with schizophrenia Training to recognise the early signs of recurrence in schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.72, 1.28] | 17 studies · 1495 participants | Very low |
Early warning signs training and treatment as usual vs treatment Economic burden (cost of care) · patients with schizophrenia Training to recognise the early signs of recurrence in schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 129 participants | Very low |
ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Relapse: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 2.46 [1.7, 3.54] | 7 studies · 436 participants | Moderate |
INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Global state: average score: long term (+ 26 weeks) Global Assessment Scale (GAS). Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 82 participants | Low |
INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Mental state: average score: long term (+ 26 weeks) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Scale from: 0 to 126. · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.19, 1.7] | 1 study · 30 participants | Low |
INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Economic outcomes: cost effectiveness: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
INTERMITTENT (EARLY‐BASED) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Leaving the study early/loss to · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.67 [1.17, 2.37] | 5 studies · 562 participants | Low |
INTERMITTENT (CRISIS INTERVENTION) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Relapse: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
INTERMITTENT (CRISIS INTERVENTION) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Hospitalisation: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
INTERMITTENT (CRISIS INTERVENTION) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Global state: average score: long term (+ 26 weeks) Global Assessment Scale (GAS). Scale from: 0 to 100. · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
INTERMITTENT (CRISIS INTERVENTION) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Mental state: average score: long term (+ 26 weeks) Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS). Scale from: 0 to 126. · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
INTERMITTENT (CRISIS INTERVENTION) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Adverse effects: tardive dyskinesia: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ANY INTERMITTENT DRUG TECHNIQUE vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Hospitalisation: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.65 [1.33, 2.06] | 5 studies · 626 participants | Moderate |
INTERMITTENT (CRISIS INTERVENTION) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Economic outcomes: cost effectiveness: long term (+ 26 weeks) as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
INTERMITTENT (CRISIS INTERVENTION) vs MAINTENANCE THERAPY Leaving the study early/ loss to · patients with schizophrenia Intermittent drug techniques for schizophrenia (2013) · Cochrane | RR 1.57 [1.23, 2] | 1 study · 237 participants | Very low |