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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Hands off (or poised) vs hands on Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Ritgen's manoeuvre vs standard care Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Ritgen's manoeuvre vs standard care 1st degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.14, 0.69] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Ritgen's manoeuvre vs standard care 2nd degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 3.25 [1.73, 6.09] | 1 study · 66 participants | Very low |
Ritgen's manoeuvre vs standard care 3rd or 4th degree tears · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.24 [0.78, 1.96] | 1 study · 1423 participants | Low |
Ritgen's manoeuvre vs standard care Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.81 [0.63, 1.03] | 2 studies · 1489 participants | Low |
Hands off (or poised) vs hands on 1st degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.32 [0.99, 1.77] | 2 studies · 700 participants | Low |
Hands off (or poised) vs hands on 2nd degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.47, 1.28] | 2 studies · 700 participants | Low |
Hands off (or poised) vs hands on 3rd or 4th degree tears · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.21, 2.26] | 5 studies · 7317 participants | Very low |
Hands off (or poised) vs hands on Episiotomy · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.43, 0.79] | 4 studies · 7247 participants | Low |
Warm compresses vs control (hands off or no warm compress) Intact perineum · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.85, 1.21] | 4 studies · 1799 participants | Moderate |
Warm compresses vs control (hands off or no warm compress) Perineal trauma requiring suturing · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.79, 1.66] | 1 study · 76 participants | Very low |
Warm compresses vs control (hands off or no warm compress) 1st degree tear · pregnant women expecting a vaginal birth, singleton vertex presentation at term, with no medical complications Perineal techniques during the second stage of labour for reducing perineal trauma (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.38, 3.79] | 2 studies · 274 participants | Very low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (maternal outcomes) Gestational diabetes · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.35, 1.04] | 5 studies · 1279 participants | Very low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (child outcomes) Mortality or morbidity composite outcome · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (child outcomes) Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (child outcomes) Childhood/adulthood adiposity: skinfold thickness at 6 months (mm) · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 132 participants | Low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (child outcomes) Chilhood/adulthood type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (child outcomes) Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) Gestational diabetes · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.63, 1.31] | 4 studies · 912 participants | Low |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) Caesarean birth · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.79, 2.04] | 2 studies · 201 participants | Very low |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) Perineal trauma · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) Gestational weight gain (kg) · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 787 participants | Very low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (maternal outcomes) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pregnancy‐induced hypertension) · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.1, 0.88] | 2 studies · 282 participants | Low |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) Postnatal depression · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (maternal outcomes) Type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes) Perinatal mortality · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.19, 1.86] | 3 studies · 777 participants | Very low |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes) Mortality or morbidity composite outcome · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes) Neonatal hypoglycaemia · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes) Childhood/adulthood adiposity · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes) Chilhood/adulthood type 2 diabetes mellitus · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Low‐GI dietary advice vs moderate‐ to high‐GI dietary advice (child outcomes) Childhood/adulthood neurosensory disability · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (maternal outcomes) Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (pre‐eclampsia) · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.25, 1.46] | 2 studies · 282 participants | Low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (maternal outcomes) Caesarean section · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.78, 1.24] | 4 studies · 1194 participants | Low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (maternal outcomes) Perineal trauma (anal sphincter injury) · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.23, 3.08] | 1 study · 759 participants | Very low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (maternal outcomes) Gestational weight gain (kg) · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1336 participants | Low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (maternal outcomes) Postnatal depression · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (child outcomes) Perinatal mortality · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 159 participants | Very low |
Dietary advice interventions vs standard care (child outcomes) Large‐for‐gestational age · pregnant women Dietary advice interventions in pregnancy for preventing gestational diabetes mellitus (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
75 g OGTT vs 100 g OGTT Diagnosis of gestational diabetes · pregnant women at low or high risk of gestational diabetes Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | RR 2.55 [0.96, 6.75] | 1 study · 248 participants | Very low |
75 g OGTT vs 100 g OGTT Caesarean section · pregnant women at low or high risk of gestational diabetes Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
75 g OGTT vs 100 g OGTT Macrosomia > 4.5 kg or as defined in trial · pregnant women at low or high risk of gestational diabetes Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
75 g OGTT vs 100 g OGTT Long‐term type 2 diabetes maternal · pregnant women at low or high risk of gestational diabetes Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
75 g OGTT vs 100 g OGTT Long‐term type 2 diabetes infant · pregnant women at low or high risk of gestational diabetes Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
75 g OGTT vs 100 g OGTT Economic costs · pregnant women at low or high risk of gestational diabetes Different strategies for diagnosing gestational diabetes to improve maternal and infant health (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Gestational diabetes mellitus · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.85 [1.12, 3.04] | 1 study · 3152 participants | Low |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Mortality or morbidity composite · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Universal screening vs risk‐factor screening Hypoglycaemia · pregnant women, excluding women already diagnosed with GDM in this pregnancy and those with pre‐existing diabetes… Screening for gestational diabetes mellitus based on different risk profiles and settings for improving… (2017) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |