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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Review versions

2,325 questions in 216 reviews · Airways

current versions

No studies 249 · 10.7%Ungraded 107 · 4.6%Very low 276 · 11.9%Low 751 · 32.3%Moderate 718 · 30.9%High 224 · 9.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Beclometasone vs placebo Adverse events: candidiasis · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and… Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 1.41 [0.24, 8.31]	1 study · 194 participants	Very low
Beclometasone vs placebo Withdrawal (all‐cause) · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and… Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 1.33 [0.83, 2.14]	2 studies · 292 participants	Low
Beclometasone/LABA vs LABA Mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) · participants with stable stage 3 COPD, smokers and ex‐smokers with a minimum pack‐year history of 20 Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 7.48 [0.47, 120]	1 study · 474 participants	Very low
Beclometasone/LABA vs LABA Pneumonia: participants with at least one (dichotomous Peto odds ratios) · participants with stable stage 3 COPD, smokers and ex‐smokers with a minimum pack‐year history of 20 Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 3.88 [0.78, 19.39]	1 study · 474 participants	Low
Beclometasone/LABA vs LABA Exacerbations: participants with at least one (dichotomous) · participants with stable stage 3 COPD, smokers and ex‐smokers with a minimum pack‐year history of 20 Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 0.96 [0.64, 1.45]	1 study · 465 participants	Moderate
Beclometasone/LABA vs LABA Change in quality of life: SGRQ Scale: 0 to 100 · participants with stable stage 3 COPD, smokers and ex‐smokers with a minimum pack‐year history of 20 Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 465 participants	Moderate
Beclometasone/LABA vs LABA Adverse events: candidiasis · participants with stable stage 3 COPD, smokers and ex‐smokers with a minimum pack‐year history of 20 Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 474 participants	Moderate
Beclometasone/LABA vs LABA Withdrawal (all‐cause) · participants with stable stage 3 COPD, smokers and ex‐smokers with a minimum pack‐year history of 20 Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 0.91 [0.54, 1.53]	1 study · 474 participants	Moderate
Beclometasone vs placebo Change in FEV1 —at 2 years · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and… Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 194 participants	Very low
Beclometasone vs placebo Mortality (all‐cause) (dichotomous Peto method) · participants with stable stage 2 and 3 COPD (mainly FEV1 49 ± 12% predicted), ex‐smokers (majority), smokers and… Beclometasone for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 0.94 [0.26, 3.34]	1 study · 194 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Symptom scores Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ) ‐ 6‐item version Mean differences in scores at 6 months · patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 278 participants	Low
Intervention NR Patients with unscheduled visits to the emergency department 6‐month · patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 370 participants	Low
Intervention NR Hospital admissions 6‐month · patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 370 participants	Low
Intervention NR GP consultations for asthma 6‐month · patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 281 participants	Low
Intervention NR Unscheduled general practice nurse consultation 6‐month · patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 281 participants	Low
Intervention NR Out of hours attendances 6‐month · patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 281 participants	Low
Intervention NR HRQoL measured on the SF‐12 questionnaire ‐ SF ‐ 12 6‐month · patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 89 participants	Low
Intervention NR HRQoL measured on the mini‐AQLQ 6‐month · patients with clinician‐diagnosed asthma Smartphone and tablet self management apps for asthma (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 201 participants	Low
Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo Outcomes · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo Quality of life1 St George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ); lower scores are better 16 months · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	17 studies · 11397 participants	Moderate
Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo Severe exacerbations (hospitalisations) · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 0.73 [0.56, 0.95]	7 studies · 2859 participants	Moderate
Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo Moderate exacerbations (course of antibiotics or oral steroids) · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 0.73 [0.61, 0.87]	7 studies · 3375 participants	Moderate
Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo Severe/moderate exacerbations (hospitalisation or course of medication or ER visit) · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 0.88 [0.76, 1.02]	7 studies · 3968 participants	Moderate
Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo Mortality (all‐cause) · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 0.9 [0.75, 1.08]	23 studies · 14079 participants	Moderate
Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo Participants with one or more serious adverse event (non‐fatal) · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	OR 0.97 [0.83, 1.14]	20 studies · 12446 participants	Moderate
Long‐acting beta2‐agonists vs placebo Predose FEV1 (mL) · people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Long‐acting beta₂‐agonists for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2013) · Cochrane	MD 73	14 studies · 6125 participants	Low
Ciclesonide vs budesonide (dose ratio 1:2) Asthma symptoms Asthma symptom score (scale 0 to 4) · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 1024 participants	Low
Ciclesonide vs budesonide (dose ratio 1:2) Patients with exacerbations Number of patients with exacerbations · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	RR 2.2 [0.75, 6.43]	2 studies · 1024 participants	Very low
Ciclesonide vs budesonide (dose ratio 1:2) Adverse events Number of patients with adverse events · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 1024 participants	Low
Ciclesonide vs fluticasone (dose ratio 1:1) Asthma symptoms Asthma symptom score (scale 0 to 4) · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	3 studies · 1468 participants	Moderate
Ciclesonide vs fluticasone (dose ratio 1:1) Patients with exacerbations Number of patients with exacerbations · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	RR 1.37 [0.58, 3.21]	2 studies · 1003 participants	Very low
Ciclesonide vs fluticasone (dose ratio 1:1) Adverse events Number of patients with adverse events · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	6 studies · 1560 participants	Low
Ciclesonide vs fluticasone (dose ratio 1:2) Asthma symptom Asthma symptom score (scale 0 to 4) · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 482 participants	Low
Ciclesonide vs fluticasone (dose ratio 1:2) Patients with exacerbations Number of patients with exacerbations · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	RR 3.48 [1.35, 8.71]	1 study · 502 participants	Very low
Ciclesonide vs fluticasone (dose ratio 1:2) Adverse events Number of patients with adverse events · patients with chronic asthma in children Ciclesonide versus other inhaled corticosteroids for chronic asthma in children (2013) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.89, 1.08]	1 study · 502 participants	Very low
Intervention NR Quality of life · children with dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Nijmegen questionnaire · children with dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Ventilation · children with dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Exercise capacity · children with dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Intervention NR Dysfunctional breathing‐specific tests (e.g. breath hold test or hyperventilation provocation test (HVPT)) · children with dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome Breathing exercises for dysfunctional breathing/hyperventilation syndrome in children (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Health‐related quality of life (HRQL) · adults and children with asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 201 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Adverse events · adults and children with exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction/asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Asthma exacerbations · adults and children with asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 16 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Lung function: FEV1 (ml) (change from 0 to 16 weeks) · adults and children with asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 201 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Asthma symptoms (change from 0 to 16 weeks) · adults and children with asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 201 participants	Moderate
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Adverse events · adults and children with asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 41 participants	Very low
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Health‐related quality of life (HRQL) · adults and children with exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction/asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Asthma exacerbations · adults and children with exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction/asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Lung function: FEV1 % drop Postexercise · adults and children with exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction/asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 8 participants	Low
Summary of findings: Vitamin C supplementation vs placebo Asthma symptoms · adults and children with exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction/asthma Vitamin C for asthma and exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction (2013) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 8 participants	Low