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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,395 questions in 172 reviews · Gut

current versions

No studies 420 · 17.5%Ungraded 60 · 2.5%Very low 821 · 34.3%Low 602 · 25.1%Moderate 397 · 16.6%High 95 · 4%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
Budesonide 10 mg vs prednisolone 40 mg Histologic remission · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.56 [0.15, 2.06]	1 study · 72 participants	Very low
Budesonide 10 mg vs prednisolone 40 mg Adverse event ‐ Reduction in plasma cortisol below lower reference limit · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.02 [0, 0.3]	1 study · 67 participants	Very low
Budesonide 10 mg vs prednisolone 40 mg Study withdrawals · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.12 [0.47, 2.65]	1 study · 72 participants	Very low
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs placebo Clinical improvement · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.3 [0.99, 1.7]	2 studies · 442 participants	Moderate
Budesonide 10 mg vs prednisolone 40 mg Withdrawal due to adverse event · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.4, 2.41]	1 study · 72 participants	Very low
Budesonide vs mesalamine Clinical remission (ITT analysis) · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.57, 0.91]	1 study · 343 participants	Moderate
Budesonide vs mesalamine Endoscopic improvement Gross 2011 · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.74, 0.95]	1 study · 343 participants	Moderate
Budesonide vs mesalamine Endoscopic remission (EI ≤ 1) · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.78 [0.58, 1.04]	1 study · 343 participants	Moderate
Budesonide vs mesalamine Histologic remission Gross 2011 · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.81 [0.66, 0.99]	1 study · 343 participants	Moderate
Budesonide vs mesalamine Adverse events Gross 2011 · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.73, 1.5]	1 study · 343 participants	Moderate
Budesonide vs mesalamine Remission (combined clinical and endoscopic remission) · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.48 [0.81, 2.71]	1 study · 247 participants	Low
Budesonide vs mesalamine Clinical improvement · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.69, 1.4]	1 study · 247 participants	Moderate
Budesonide vs mesalamine Serious adverse events · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.75 [0.17, 3.28]	1 study · 254 participants	Low
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg Remission (combined clinical and endoscopic remission) · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.38 [0.72, 2.65]	1 study · 212 participants	Low
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs placebo Endoscopic improvement · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.29 [1.01, 1.66]	2 studies · 442 participants	Moderate
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg Clinical improvement · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.28 [0.9, 1.82]	1 study · 212 participants	Moderate
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg Endoscopic improvement · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [0.82, 1.6]	1 study · 212 participants	Moderate
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg Histologic remission · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.21 [0.64, 2.31]	1 study · 212 participants	Low
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg Serious adverse events · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 3.94 [0.45, 34.74]	1 study · 254 participants	Low
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg Adverse events · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.01 [0.81, 1.26]	1 study · 254 participants	Moderate
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs Entocort EC 9mg Withdrawal due to adverse events · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.94 [0.56, 1.58]	1 study · 254 participants	Moderate
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs placebo Histologic remission · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.51 [1.11, 2.06]	3 studies · 900 participants	Low
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs placebo Endoscopic remission · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.56 [1.13, 2.16]	2 studies · 695 participants	Moderate
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs placebo Serious adverse events · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.88 [0.33, 2.4]	2 studies · 513 participants	Low
Budesonide MMX® 9 mg vs placebo Adverse events · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.09 [0.95, 1.26]	3 studies · 971 participants	Moderate
Budesonide MMX® 6 mg vs placebo Remission (combined clinical and endoscopic remission · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.8 [0.94, 3.42]	2 studies · 440 participants	Low
Budesonide MMX® 6 mg vs placebo Clinical improvement · Adult patients with active ulcerative colitis Oral budesonide for induction of remission in ulcerative colitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.99 [0.73, 1.33]	2 studies · 440 participants	Low
Endoscopy vs surgery Pain relief ‐ middle‐term · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.62 [1.22, 2.15]	2 studies · 111 participants	Moderate
Surgery vs conservative treatment Mortality ‐ not reported · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Surgery vs conservative treatment Quality of life ‐ not measured · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Surgery vs conservative treatment Endocrine pancreatic insufficiency (new onset) · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.23 [0.06, 0.87]	1 study · 25 participants	Low
Surgery vs conservative treatment Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (new onset) · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.08 [0.01, 0.57]	1 study · 29 participants	Low
Endoscopy vs surgery Pain relief ‐ long‐term · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.56 [1.18, 2.05]	2 studies · 103 participants	Moderate
Endoscopy vs surgery Major complications and mortality · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 179 participants	Low
Endoscopy vs surgery Quality of life ‐ long‐term SF‐36 ‐ Physical health at 2 years. Scale from 0 to 100 · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 31 participants	Moderate
Endoscopy vs surgery Quality of life ‐ long‐term SF‐36 ‐ Mental health at 2 years. Scale from 0 to 100 · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 31 participants	Moderate
Endoscopy vs surgery Endocrine pancreatic insufficiency (new onset) ‐ long‐term · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.92 [0.54, 1.55]	2 studies · 95 participants	Low
Endoscopy vs surgery Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (new onset) ‐ long‐term · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.5 [0.19, 1.33]	1 study · 10 participants	Moderate
Surgery vs conservative treatment Pain relief · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	RR 7.1 [1.93, 25.8]	1 study · 32 participants	Low
Surgery vs conservative treatment Major complications ‐ not reported · participants with painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis Endoscopic or surgical intervention for painful obstructive chronic pancreatitis (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy vs nasogastric tube feeding Treatment failure Feeding interruption, blocking or leakage of the tube, non‐adherence · adult patients with swallowing disturbances Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.18 [0.05, 0.59]	8 studies · 408 participants	Low
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy vs nasogastric tube feeding Mortality irrespective of · adult patients with swallowing disturbances Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.58, 1.28]	9 studies · 644 participants	Very low
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy vs nasogastric tube feeding Pneumonia irrespective of · adult patients with swallowing disturbances Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.7 [0.46, 1.06]	7 studies · 645 participants	Low
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy vs nasogastric tube feeding Adverse events irrespective of · adult patients with swallowing disturbances Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy versus nasogastric tube feeding for adults with swallowing disturbances (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.83 [0.51, 1.34]	6 studies · 597 participants	Moderate
Interferon‐B‐1a vs placebo Improved IBDQ at week 8 · patients with active ulcerative colitis The impact of biological interventions for ulcerative colitis on health‐related quality of life (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [0.8, 1.61]	1 study · 194 participants	Moderate
Adalimumab vs placebo IBDQ at week 8 · patients with active ulcerative colitis The impact of biological interventions for ulcerative colitis on health‐related quality of life (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 494 participants	Moderate
Adalimumab vs placebo IBDQ at week 52 · patients with active ulcerative colitis The impact of biological interventions for ulcerative colitis on health‐related quality of life (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 494 participants	Moderate
Golimumab vs placebo IBDQ at week 6 · patients with active ulcerative colitis The impact of biological interventions for ulcerative colitis on health‐related quality of life (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 504 participants	High
Vedolizumab vs placebo Improved IBDQ at week 6 · patients with active ulcerative colitis The impact of biological interventions for ulcerative colitis on health‐related quality of life (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.62 [1.15, 2.27]	1 study · 374 participants	Moderate
Vedolizumab vs placebo Improved IBDQ at week 52 · patients with active ulcerative colitis The impact of biological interventions for ulcerative colitis on health‐related quality of life (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.67 [1.31, 2.12]	1 study · 373 participants	Moderate