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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,353 questions in 210 reviews · Neonatal
current versionsNo studies 432 · 18.4%Ungraded 99 · 4.2%Very low 609 · 25.9%Low 737 · 31.3%Moderate 385 · 16.4%High 91 · 3.9%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Chronic lung diseasein survivors · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Severe intraventricular haemorrhage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Periventricular leukomalacia · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Length of hospital stay in days for survivors to discharge · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention Chronic lung disease · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.5 [0.45, 5.05] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Necrotising enterocolitis, any Bell stage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.31, 5.66] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin with antibiotics Retinopathy of prematurity, any stage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention Severe intraventricular haemorrhage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.28, 2.03] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention Periventricular leukomalacia · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.1, 2.63] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention Length of hospital stay (LOS) in days · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 157 participants | Low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention Necrotising enterocolitis, any Bell stage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.29, 1.06] | 6 studies · 405 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention Retinopathy of prematurity, any stage · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.4 [0.08, 1.98] | 1 study · 120 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin All‐cause mortality during hospital stay · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.24, 2.1] | 1 study · 102 participants | Very low |
Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs pentoxifylline with antibiotics and immunoglobulin M‐enriched intravenous immunoglobulin Chronic lung disease in survivors · neonates with sepsis Pentoxifylline for treatment of sepsis and necrotising enterocolitis in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control Heart rate (beats per minute) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 784 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control Percentage time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 60 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 291 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) score at 3 minutes · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control Douleur Aigue du Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 224 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 16 studies · 1866 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control Percentage of time crying · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 359 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 1432 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control Neonatal Facial Coding System (NFCS) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 235 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control Douleur Aigue Nouveau‐né (DAN) scale · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 709 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Breastfeeding vs control Any adverse outcome · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control Heart rate (beats per minute) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 336 participants | Low |
Summary of findings ‐ Supplemental breast milk vs control Duration of crying (seconds) · term newborns (≥ 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age) and preterm infants (< 37 completed weeks' postmenstrual age)… Breastfeeding or breast milk for procedural pain in neonates (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1283 participants | Moderate |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) Respiratory failure · ) Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.65 [0.54, 0.78] | 17 studies · 1958 participants | Moderate |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) Need for endotracheal tube ventilation · ) Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.56, 0.81] | 16 studies · 1848 participants | Moderate |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) Mortality during study period · ) Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.62, 1.1] | 17 studies · 1958 participants | Low |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) Chronic lung disease · ) Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.92] | 12 studies · 1284 participants | Low |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) Pneumothorax · ) Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.6, 1.41] | 16 studies · 1674 participants | Low |
Nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) vs nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) (by population) Severe intraventricular hemorrhage (grade III/IV) · ) Early nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (NIPPV) versus early nasal continuous positive airway… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.53, 1.79] | 8 studies · 977 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs control Necrotising enterocolitis (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 57 studies · 10918 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs control All‐cause mortality (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 54 studies · 10484 participants | Moderate |
Probiotics vs control Late‐onset invasive infection (before hospital discharge) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 49 studies · 9876 participants | Moderate |
Probiotics vs control Neurodevelopmental impairment (18 months to 3 years) · very preterm or very low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1518 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs control Necrotising enterocolitis (before hospital discharge) · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 10 studies · 1836 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs control All‐cause mortality (before hospital discharge) · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1723 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs control Late‐onset invasive infection (before hospital discharge) · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1533 participants | Low |
Probiotics vs control Neurodevelopmental impairment (18 months to 3 years) · extremely preterm or extremely low birth weight infants Probiotics to prevent necrotising enterocolitis in very preterm or very low birth weight infants (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Nasal high flow vs continuous positive airway pressure Death (before hospital discharge) or BPD(supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age if born < 32 weeks' gestation, or 28 days if born ≥ 32 weeks' gestation) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.74, 1.6] | 7 studies · 1830 participants | Low |
Nasal high flow vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age if born < 32 weeks' gestation, or 28 days if born ≥ 32 weeks' gestation) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.66, 2.12] | 3 studies · 271 participants | Low |
Nasal high flow vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation Treatment failure within 72 hours of trial entry · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [0.9, 1.79] | 4 studies · 343 participants | Moderate |
Nasal high flow vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation Mechanical ventilation within 72 hours of trial entry · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.62, 1.33] | 4 studies · 343 participants | Moderate |
Nasal high flow vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation Pneumothorax (during assigned treatment) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.4, 1.53] | 4 studies · 344 participants | Moderate |
Nasal high flow vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation Nasal trauma (during assigned treatment) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.21 [0.09, 0.47] | 3 studies · 272 participants | Moderate |
Nasal high flow vs continuous positive airway pressure Death (before hospital discharge) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.44, 1.39] | 9 studies · 2009 participants | Low |
Nasal high flow vs continuous positive airway pressure BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age if born < 32 weeks' gestation, or 28 days if born ≥ 32 weeks' gestation) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support Nasal high flow therapy for primary respiratory support in preterm infants (2023) · Cochrane | RR 1.14 [0.74, 1.76] | 8 studies · 1917 participants | Low |