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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,050 questions in 42 reviews · Incontinence
current versionsNo studies 391 · 37.2%Ungraded 82 · 7.8%Very low 199 · 19%Low 206 · 19.6%Moderate 150 · 14.3%High 22 · 2.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Subjective cure or improvement: patient‐reported as defined by the trialists, > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.79, 1.19] | 2 studies · 788 participants | Low |
Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Condition‐specific quality of life: using validated questionnaires, > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 788 participants | Moderate |
Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Objective cure or improvement: > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | MD 0.18 | 2 studies · 565 participants | High |
Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Participant adherence to the intervention: as reported by the trialists, > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.08 [0.78, 5.56] | 2 studies · 763 participants | Very low |
Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction General quality of life: > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 742 participants | Moderate |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Condition‐specific quality of life: using validated questionnaires, > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 853 participants | Moderate |
Combinations of conservative treatments vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | RR 2.92 [0.31, 27.41] | 2 studies · 136 participants | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Objective cure or improvement: > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 269 participants | Low |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Participant adherence to the intervention: as reported by the trialists, > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction General quality of life: > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Number of participants experiencing surface or skin‐related adverse events: e.g. skin reactions, bruising, hypersensitivity to gel · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 205 participants | Very low |
Pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) plus biofeedback vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Number of participants experiencing muscle‐related adverse events: e.g. soreness, discomfort, cramps, pain · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 205 participants | Very low |
Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Subjective cure or improvement: patient‐reported as defined by the trialists, > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Electrical or magnetic stimulation vs no treatment, sham treatment or verbal/written instruction Condition‐specific quality of life: using validated questionnaires, > 6 to 12 months · men with urinary incontinence following prostate surgery Conservative interventions for managing urinary incontinence after prostate surgery (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) vs placebo or no treatment Number of surgical site infections (SSIs) before discharge · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing infection after continence surgery in women with stress urinary… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.13, 12.35] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) vs placebo or no treatment Number of major adverse effects defined by the study, before discharge · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing infection after continence surgery in women with stress urinary… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) vs placebo or no treatment Number of symptomatic UTIs or bacteriuria before discharge · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing infection after continence surgery in women with stress urinary… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.05, 13.24] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) vs placebo or no treatment Number of women with febrile morbidity at hospital discharge · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing infection after continence surgery in women with stress urinary… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.08 [0, 1.29] | 2 studies · 85 participants | Very low |
Prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) vs placebo or no treatment Number of women with sepsis or bacteraemia at hospital discharge · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing infection after continence surgery in women with stress urinary… (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Prophylactic antibiotics (single or combined drugs) vs placebo or no treatment Number of mesh exposures within six weeks after the operation · women with urinary stress incontinence undergoing continence surgery Prophylactic antibiotics for preventing infection after continence surgery in women with stress urinary… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.01, 7.61] | 1 study · 59 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Overactive bladder symptoms cured or improved · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs sham acupuncture Number of minor adverse events · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.3, 5.36] | 4 studies · 222 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs sham acupuncture Presence or absence of urinary urgency · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 4.52 | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs sham acupuncture Episodes of urinary incontinence in a 24‐hour period · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.55 | 2 studies · 121 participants | Moderate |
Acupuncture vs sham acupuncture Daytime urinary frequency · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 77 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs sham acupuncture Episodes of nocturia · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 2.52 | 1 study · 25 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs medication Overactive bladder symptoms cured or improved · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.25 [1.1, 1.43] | 5 studies · 258 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs medication Number of major adverse events · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 14 studies · 927 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs medication Number of minor adverse events · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.34 [0.26, 0.45] | 8 studies · 1004 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs medication Presence or absence of urinary urgency · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.4 | 2 studies · 80 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs medication Daytime urinary frequency · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.73 | 4 studies · 360 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Number of major adverse events · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs medication Episodes of urinary incontinence in a 24‐hour period · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.33 | 1 study · 20 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs medication Episodes of nocturia · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | MD 0.5 | 2 studies · 80 participants | Low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Number of minor adverse events · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Presence or absence of urinary urgency · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Episodes of urinary incontinence in a 24‐hour period · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Daytime urinary frequency · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs no treatment Episodes of nocturia · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Acupuncture vs sham acupuncture Overactive bladder symptoms cured or improved · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 151 participants | Very low |
Acupuncture vs sham acupuncture Number of major adverse events · overactive bladder in adults Acupuncture for treating overactive bladder in adults (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 236 participants | Low |
Removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults at one time of day (6 am to 7 am) vs another time of day (10 pm to midnight) Number of participants requiring recatheterisation · adults with short‐term indwelling urethral catheters that need to be removed Strategies for the removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.52, 0.94] | 10 studies · 1920 participants | Low |
Removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults: clamping vs free drainage Symptomatic catheter associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI) · adults with short‐term indwelling urethral catheters that need to be removed Strategies for the removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.6, 1.63] | 2 studies · 267 participants | Very low |
Removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults: clamping vs free drainage Dysuria · adults with short‐term indwelling urethral catheters that need to be removed Strategies for the removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.46, 1.54] | 1 study · 79 participants | Very low |
Removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults: clamping vs free drainage Condition‐specific QoL or generic QoL measure · adults with short‐term indwelling urethral catheters that need to be removed Strategies for the removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (2021) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults: prophylactic use of alpha blocker vs no drug or intervention Number of participants requiring recatheterisation · adults with short‐term indwelling urethral catheters that need to be removed Strategies for the removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 1.18 [0.58, 2.42] | 2 studies · 184 participants | Very low |
Removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults: prophylactic use of alpha blocker vs no drug or intervention Symptomatic catheter associated urinary tract infection · adults with short‐term indwelling urethral catheters that need to be removed Strategies for the removal of short‐term indwelling urethral catheters in adults (2021) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.01, 4.06] | 1 study · 94 participants | Very low |