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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
515 questions in 31 reviews · Fertility Regulation
current versionsNo studies 99 · 19.2%Ungraded 11 · 2.1%Very low 70 · 13.6%Low 147 · 28.5%Moderate 153 · 29.7%High 35 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid) Menstrual blood loss % occurrence of heavy menstrual bleeding (alkaline hematin method) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids) Duration of bleeding Number of bleeding days (diary record) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 110 participants | Low |
Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid, aspirin, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (paracetamol, tranexamic acid) Menstrual blood loss % occurrence heavy menstrual bleeding (PBAC score) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Percentage days bleeding or spotting (questionnaire) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 118 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Adverse events or side effects Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Menstrual blood loss Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Duration of bleeding Median number of bleed days (diary) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 168 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Side effects: gastrointestinal disorders, headache, breast tenderness, musculoskeletal disorders Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.49, 2.02] | 1 study · 168 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Mifepristone vs vitamin B Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Duration of bleeding % spotting and bleeding days Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 58 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Naproxen vs estradiol Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Duration of bleeding Median number of bleeding and spotting days (diary) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 106 participants | Very low |
Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids) Adverse events or side effects Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Side effects: gastroesophageal reflux Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | OR 3.22 [0.13, 81.19] | 1 study · 86 participants | Very low |
Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid) vs placebo Ibuprofen vs placebo Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid) vs placebo Reduction in painful menstruation Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | OR 1 [0.11, 8.95] | 1 study · 20 participants | Low |
Interventions (ibuprofen, tolfenamic acid) vs placebo Menstruation "more painful than normal" Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.71 [0.44, 1.44] | 1 study · 310 participants | Very low |
Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids) Menstrual blood loss Volume blood loss (pictorial chart in mL) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 94 participants | Low |
Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids) Duration of bleeding Number of bleeding days (menstrual record) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 152 participants | Low |
Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids) Menstrual blood loss Mean reduction of PBAC score Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 24 participants | Very low |
Interventions (vitamin B1, mefenamic acid, tranexamic acid) vs placebo or active comparators (desmopressin, sodium diclofenac, flavonoids) Menstrual blood loss Volume of blood loss (alkaline hematin method) Interventions to prevent or treat heavy menstrual bleeding or pain associated with intrauterine‐device use (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 38 participants | Very low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants Rate of initiation of contraceptive implants · postpartum people who desire a contraceptive implant for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.48 [1.11, 1.98] | 5 studies · 715 participants | Moderate |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of IUDs Utilization rate at 6 months postpartum · postpartum people who desire IUDs for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.64, 1.62] | 6 studies · 971 participants | Very low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of IUDs Utilization rate at 12 months postpartum · postpartum people who desire IUDs for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.86 [0.5, 1.49] | 3 studies · 796 participants | Very low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of IUDs Unintended pregnancy at 12 months postpartum · postpartum people who desire IUDs for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.26 [0.17, 0.41] | 1 study · 1000 participants | Low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of IUDs Any breastfeeding at 6 months (hormonal IUD) · postpartum people who desire IUDs for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.63, 1.3] | 5 studies · 435 participants | Very low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants Utilization rate at 6 months postpartum · postpartum people who desire a contraceptive implant for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.9, 1.5] | 3 studies · 330 participants | Very low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants Utilization rate at 12 months postpartum · postpartum people who desire a contraceptive implant for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.93, 1.04] | 2 studies · 164 participants | Very low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants Adverse effect: mean days of prolonged vaginal bleeding within 6 weeks postpartum · postpartum people who desire a contraceptive implant for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | MD 2.98 [2.71, 8.66] | 2 studies · 420 participants | Low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants Adverse effects other than prolonged vaginal bleeding · postpartum people who desire a contraceptive implant for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.06 [1.38, 3.06] | 1 study · 215 participants | Low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants Unintended pregnancy rate at 12 months postpartum · postpartum people who desire a contraceptive implant for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.82 [0.38, 8.71] | 1 study · 64 participants | Very low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implants Any breastfeeding at six months postpartum · postpartum people who desire a contraceptive implant for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.92, 1.01] | 2 studies · 225 participants | Low |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of IUDs Rate of initiation of IUDs · postpartum people who desire IUDs for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.27 [1.07, 1.51] | 10 studies · 1894 participants | Moderate |
Immediate vs delayed postpartum insertion of IUDs Expulsion by 6 months · postpartum people who desire IUDs for contraception Immediate versus delayed postpartum insertion of contraceptive implant and IUD for contraception (2022) · Cochrane | RR 4.55 [2.52, 8.19] | 8 studies · 1206 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ibuprofen 1600 mg vs paracetamol 2000 mg Pain score · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 108 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Pain score · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 107 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Gastrointestinal side effects (nausea) · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.85 [0.33, 2.19] | 1 study · 107 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Gastrointestinal side effects (vomiting) · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.76 [0.35, 1.63] | 1 study · 107 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Gastrointestinal side effects (diarrhoea) · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.82 [0.38, 1.76] | 1 study · 107 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Complete abortion rate ‐ not reported · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Induction to expulsion interval ‐ not reported · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Unscheduled contact with care ‐ not reported · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Patient satisfaction with analgesia · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.97 [0.42, 2.21] | 1 study · 104 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Pregabalin 300 mg vs placebo Patient satisfaction with abortion care overall · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | OR 1.84 [0.8, 4.22] | 1 study · 105 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ibuprofen 800 mg vs placebo Pain score · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ibuprofen 1600 mg vs paracetamol 2000 mg Gastrointestinal side effects (nausea) ‐ not reported · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ibuprofen 800 mg vs placebo Gastrointestinal side effects (nausea) · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | OR 1.52 [0.53, 4.37] | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ibuprofen 800 mg vs placebo Gastrointestinal side effects (vomiting) · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.19 [0.04, 0.97] | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ibuprofen 800 mg vs placebo Gastrointestinal side effects (diarrhoea) ‐ not reported · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ibuprofen 800 mg vs placebo Complete abortion rate · women having medical abortion before 14 weeks' gestation Pain management for medical abortion before 14 weeks’ gestation (2022) · Cochrane | OR 0.69 [0.17, 2.85] | 1 study · 61 participants | Low |