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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
515 questions in 31 reviews · Fertility Regulation
current versionsNo studies 99 · 19.2%Ungraded 11 · 2.1%Very low 70 · 13.6%Low 147 · 28.5%Moderate 153 · 29.7%High 35 · 6.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs sham paracervical block Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ 80 mg lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure in women who also received topical cervical lidocaine spraya,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with aspirationa,b · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 79 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ 14 mL 1% chloroprocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion at seven to 12 weeks of gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Ultracaine paracervical block vs placebo (normal saline) paracervical block/no paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 43 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Topical cervical lidocaine spray vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 48 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs sham paracervical block Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Intravenous paracetamol vs ultracaine paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Buffered lidocaine vs plain lidocaine Pain with dilation (10 mL 2% lidocaine)a,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 167 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Buffered lidocaine vs plain lidocaine Pain with dilation (20 mL 1% lidocaine)d,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 98 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Buffered lidocaine vs plain lidocaine Pain with aspiration (lidocaine)a,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 291 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Buffered lidocaine vs plain lidocaine Pain with aspiration (20 mL 1% lidocaine)d,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at 13+6 weeks' gestation or less (Chin 2020 included people experiencing an… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 98 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 143 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% plain lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs sham paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 133 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% buffered lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.25% bupivacaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion in the first trimester Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 209 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine vs 20 mL 0.5% lidocaine Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Three‐ to five‐minute wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation vs no wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 357 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Three‐ to five‐minute wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation vs no wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 357 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Three‐ to five‐minute wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation vs no wait between paracervical block injection and cervical dilation Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 10 mL 2% cervical lignocaine gel vs 10 mL cervical KY jelly Pain with dilationa,b · women requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 12 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 131 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 150 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 10 mL 2% cervical lignocaine gel vs 10 mL cervical KY jelly Pain with aspirationa,b · women requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 12 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 131 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 10 mL 2% cervical lignocaine gel vs 10 mL cervical KY jelly Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · women requesting a surgical abortion between seven and 12 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two pumps of 10% cervical lidocaine spray and paracervical block vs two pumps of cervical normal saline spray and paracervical block Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at seven weeks' gestation or less Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 54 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain with dilation ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain with aspiration ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Two puffs of cervical lidocaine spray vs placebo cervical spray/no spray Pain during procedurea,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at 5+0 to 7+0 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 45 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 3 cm deep paracervical block vs 1.5 cm deep paracervical block Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation (Cetin 1997) and in the first trimester (Wiebe… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 229 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 3 cm deep paracervical block vs 1.5 cm deep paracervical block Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation (Cetin 1997) and in the first trimester (Wiebe… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 229 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 20 mL 1% lidocaine paracervical block vs normal saline paracervical block Pain with aspirationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 14 weeks' gestation Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 150 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ 3 cm deep paracervical block vs 1.5 cm deep paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 12 weeks' gestation (Cetin 1997) and in the first trimester (Wiebe… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain with dilationa,b · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 163 participants | High |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain with aspiration – normal salined,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 41 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain with aspiration – local anaesthetica,b,d,e · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 201 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ 2 site (4‐8 o?clock) paracervical block vs 4 site (2‐4‐8‐10 o?clock) paracervical block Pain during procedure ‐ not measured · people requesting a surgical abortion at less than 11 weeks' gestation (Renner 2016) and seven to 12 weeks' gestation… Local anaesthesia for pain control in first trimester surgical abortion (2024) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |