Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,361 questions in 120 reviews · Developmental, Psychosocial and Learning Problems
current versionsNo studies 286 · 21%Ungraded 61 · 4.5%Very low 381 · 28%Low 381 · 28%Moderate 228 · 16.8%High 24 · 1.8%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parental self‐harm ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parent–child relationship ‐ post‐interventionm · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | RR 4.67 [0.6, 36.29] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parenting skills ‐ post‐interventionp · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Trauma‐related symptoms ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Psychological well‐being ‐ post‐interventiona · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 52 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Substance use ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parent relationship quality ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parental self‐harm ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Psychological wellbeing ‐ post‐interventione · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 33 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parent–child relationship ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Service system approaches vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parenting skills ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · for parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Substance use ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parent relationship quality ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parental self‐harm ‐ post‐intervention ‐ not reported · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings table ‐ Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parent–child relationship (continuous data) ‐ post‐interventionf · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 153 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Parenting interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Parenting skills ‐ post‐interventionj · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 149 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Trauma‐related symptoms ‐ post‐interventionb · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 247 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Psychological interventions vs inactive control (usual care care, attention control, waitlist) Psychological wellbeing ‐ post‐interventiond · parents who are experiencing CPTSD symptoms or have experienced maltreatment in their childhood Interventions from pregnancy to two years after birth for parents experiencing complex post‐traumatic stress… (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 507 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs standard care Receptive L2 proximal vocabulary (understanding of words taught in the intervention) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1073 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs standard care Receptive L2 distal vocabulary (understanding of words not included in the intervention) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1074 participants | Low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs standard care Expressive L2 proximal vocabulary (expressing or producing words taught in the intervention) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1121 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs standard care Expressive L2 distal vocabulary (expressing or producing words not taught in the intervention) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 960 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs standard care Mean length of utterance (MLU) · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 1 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs standard care L2 listening comprehension · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 294 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings table ‐ Vocabulary interventions vs standard care L2 narrative skills · second language (L2) learners up to six years of age Vocabulary interventions for second language (L2) learners up to six years of age (2023) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 487 participants | Moderate |
Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care Global improvement · individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder Music therapy for autistic people (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [1.06, 1.4] | 8 studies · 583 participants | Moderate |
Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care Social interaction · individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder Music therapy for autistic people (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 12 studies · 603 participants | Low |
Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care Non‐verbal communication · individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder Music therapy for autistic people (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 192 participants | Low |
Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care Verbal communication · individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder Music therapy for autistic people (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 276 participants | Very low |
Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care Quality of life · individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder Music therapy for autistic people (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 340 participants | Moderate |
Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care Total autism symptom severity · individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder Music therapy for autistic people (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 575 participants | Moderate |
Music therapy vs placebo therapy or standard care Adverse events Any serious or non‐serious adverse event · individuals with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder Music therapy for autistic people (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.52 [0.39, 5.94] | 2 studies · 326 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care All‐cause mortality · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.83, 0.93] | 19 studies · 1202382 participants | High |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Vomiting · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [1.44, 2.69] | 4 studies · 10541 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Vitamin A deficiency · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.65, 0.78] | 4 studies · 2262 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Mortality due to diarrhoea · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.79, 0.98] | 9 studies · 1098538 participants | High |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Mortality due to measles · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.69, 1.11] | 6 studies · 1088261 participants | Low |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Mortality due to LRTI · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.86, 1.12] | 9 studies · 1098538 participants | Low |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Diarrhoea incidence Mean episodes per child per year · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.82, 0.87] | 15 studies · 77946 participants | Low |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Measles incidence Mean episodes of measles per child per year · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.37, 0.67] | 6 studies · 19566 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care LRTI incidence Mean episodes per child per year · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.92, 1.06] | 11 studies · 27540 participants | Low |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Bitot's spots incidence · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.42 [0.33, 0.53] | 5 studies · 1063278 participants | Moderate |
Vitamin A supplementation vs placebo or usual care Night blindness incidence · children aged between 6 months and 5 years Vitamin A supplementation for preventing morbidity and mortality in children from six months to five years… (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.21, 0.5] | 2 studies · 22972 participants | Moderate |
Joint crisis plan plus treatment as usual vs treatment Deatha Timing of outcome assessment: 6 months · community‐dwelling adults with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.06, 14.14] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
Brief admission to psychiatric hospital by self‐referral plus treatment as usual vs treatment Suicidality: mean number of suicide attempts over the preceding 2 weeks Timing of outcome assessment: 12 months · adults meeting 3 or more diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 125 participants | Very low |
Brief admission to psychiatric hospital by self‐referral plus treatment as usual vs treatment Violence perpetration: number of participants who perpetrated violencea Timing of outcome assessment: 12 months · adults meeting 3 or more diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | RR 2.95 [0.12, 71.13] | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Brief admission to psychiatric hospital by self‐referral plus treatment as usual vs treatment Hospital admissions: days of inpatient mental health care Timing of outcome assessment: 12 months · adults meeting 3 or more diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 125 participants | Low |
Brief admission to psychiatric hospital by self‐referral plus treatment as usual vs treatment Quality of life · adults meeting 3 or more diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Brief admission to psychiatric hospital by self‐referral plus treatment as usual vs treatment Cost‐effectiveness · adults meeting 3 or more diagnostic criteria for borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Joint crisis plan plus treatment as usual vs treatment Self‐harm: mean number of self‐harm episodes Timing of outcome assessment: 6 months · community‐dwelling adults with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder Crisis interventions for adults with borderline personality disorder (2022) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 72 participants | Low |