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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

140 questions · 147 findings · 26 reviews · Emergency and Critical Care

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No studies found 24 · 16.3%GRADE not reported 2 · 1.4%Very low 56 · 38.1%Low 43 · 29.3%Moderate 12 · 8.2%High 10 · 6.8%

Oxygenation vs no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation

All‐cause mortality · people requiring tracheal intubation

Oxygenation showed no clear difference in mortality compared with no oxygenation during the apnoeic period preceding intubation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV or invasive ventilation) Measured up to 28 days · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC may leads to lower treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV… compared with standard oxygen therapy (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days and up to ICU discharge) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in in‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported… compared with standard oxygen therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs standard oxygen therapy

Adverse events Respiratory infection (pneumonia) Nasal mucosa or skin trauma · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in adverse events Respiratory infection (pneumonia) Nasal mucosa or… compared with standard oxygen therapy (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV

Treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV or invasive ventilation) Measured up to 28 days · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in treatment failure (escalation of respiratory therapy to NIV, NIPPV… compared with NIPPV or NIV (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs NIPPV or NIV

In‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported in‐hospital mortality, and mortality up to 28 days and up to ICU discharge) · adults in the ICU, requiring respiratory support

HFNC showed no clear difference in in‐hospital mortality (up to 90 days; included studies reported… compared with NIPPV or NIV (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Mortality at longest · adult (≥ 18 years of age) patients receiving mechanical ventilation (via either an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy) for acute…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes mortality at longest (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Requirement for renal replacement therapy ( · adult (≥ 18 years of age) patients receiving mechanical ventilation (via either an endotracheal tube or a tracheostomy) for acute…

It is very uncertain whether the intervention changes requirement for renal replacement therapy ( (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review