What do systematic reviews say?

Intervention not reported

• Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 97 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

• Interventions for promoting physical activity in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 43 participants
  Low

Myofunctional therapy vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 54 participants
  Low

Myofunctional therapy vs CPAP + Myofunctional therapy

• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 49 participants
  Low

Myofunctional therapy vs medical treatment

• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 26 participants
  Low

Myofunctional therapy vs sham

• Myofunctional therapy (oropharyngeal exercises) for obstructive sleep apnoea 2020 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 51 participants
  Moderate

Systemic corticosteroids vs placebo

Systemic corticosteroid leads to lower treatment failure Need to intensify therapy/ED or hospital admission compared with placebo (high certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.48 [0.35, 0.67]
  9 studies · 917 participants
  High

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid vs oral corticosteroid

Treatment route: intravenous corticosteroid showed no clear difference in treatment failure Need to intensify therapy compared with oral corticosteroid (moderate certainty).

• Systemic corticosteroids for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 0.67 [0.34, 1.3]
  3 studies · 298 participants
  Moderate

Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training vs exercise training alone or exercise training with sham non‐invasive ventilation

• Non‐invasive ventilation during exercise training for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  3 studies · 67 participants
  Moderate

Combination of anticholinergics + beta2‐agonists vs B2‐agonists alone

• Inhaled anticholinergics and short‐acting beta₂‐agonists versus short‐acting beta2‐agonists alone for children with… 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 210 participants
  Moderate

Intervention not reported

The intervention showed no clear difference in intensive care unit (ICU) admissions (low certainty).

• Intravenous magnesium sulfate for treating adults with acute asthma in the emergency department 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 2.03 [0.7, 5.89]
  1 study · 752 participants
  Low

Yoga vs no breathing exercises

• Breathing exercises for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 2012 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  1 study · 29 participants
  Low

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  11 studies · 418 participants
  Low
• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  7 studies · 314 participants
  Low

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 226 participants
  Low

Exercise vs control

Exercise showed no clear difference in serious adverse events compared with control (moderate certainty).

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  RD 0
  11 studies · 439 participants
  Moderate

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 187 participants
  Moderate

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  5 studies · 186 participants
  Moderate

Exercise vs control

• Exercise‐based rehabilitation programmes for pulmonary hypertension 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  2 studies · 133 participants
  Low

Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo

• Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  no estimate extracted
  14 studies · 2739 participants
  Moderate

Endothelin receptor antagonists vs placebo

Endothelin receptor antagonists probably leads to higher proportion of participants with improved functional class mean… compared with placebo (moderate certainty).

• Endothelin receptor antagonists for pulmonary arterial hypertension 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
  OR 1.41 [1.16, 1.7]
  15 studies · 3060 participants
  Moderate