Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

3,092 questions · 3,199 findings · 339 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 714 · 22.3%GRADE not reported 181 · 5.7%Very low 695 · 21.7%Low 908 · 28.4%Moderate 568 · 17.8%High 133 · 4.2%

Oral beta‐estradiol vs conjugated equine estrogens

Frequency of hot flushes Oral beta‐estradiol 1.0 and 2.0 mg/day vs CEE 0.625 or 1.25 mg/day · women with hot flushes

1 finding from 1 review

Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 102 participants
Very low

Oral beta‐estradiol vs conjugated equine estrogens

Adverse events Oral beta‐estradiol 1.0 or 2.0 mg/day vs CEE 0.625 or 1.25 mg/day · women with hot flushes

1 finding from 1 review

Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
1 study · 103 participants
Very low

Oral beta‐estradiol vs placebo

Hot flush frequency (number/day) · women with hot flushes

Oral beta‐estradiol showed no clear difference in frequency of hot flushes Oral beta‐estradiol 0.5‐1.0 mg/day compared with placebo (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 356 participants
Low

Oral beta‐estradiol vs placebo

Adverse effects Oral beta‐estradiol 0.5‐2.0 mg/day · women with hot flushes

1 finding from 1 review

Bioidentical hormones for women with vasomotor symptoms 2016 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 433 participants
Low

Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention

Time (days) spent in NICU ‐ not reported · preterm infants

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention

Length of hospital stay · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
10 studies · 591 participants
Low

Oral stimulation vs non‐oral intervention

Duration (days) of parenteral nutrition · preterm infants

1 finding from 1 review

Oral stimulation for promoting oral feeding in preterm infants 2023 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 268 participants
Very low

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

Postoperative ileus · Women who had major abdominal gynaecologic surgery

Early oral feeding showed no clear difference in postoperative ileus compared with delayed oral feeding (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.47 [0.17, 1.29]
3 studies · 279 participants
Moderate

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

Maternal nausea and/or vomiting · Women who had major abdominal gynaecologic surgery

Early oral feeding showed no clear difference in nausea or vomiting or both compared with delayed oral feeding (moderate certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1.03 [0.64, 1.67]
4 studies · 484 participants
Moderate

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

Time to bowel sounds [days] · Women who had major abdominal gynaecologic surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 338 participants
Moderate

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

Time from completion of operation to first flatus (hours) · Women who had major abdominal gynaecologic surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
3 studies · 444 participants
High

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

Postoperative time to solid diets (days) · Women who had major abdominal gynaecologic surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 301 participants
Moderate

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

Time to first BM (№ women with 1st BM on day 2 after delivery) · Women who had major abdominal gynaecologic surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
2 studies · 249 participants
Moderate

Early oral feeding vs delayed oral feeding

Length of hospital stay · Women who had major abdominal gynaecologic surgery

1 finding from 1 review

Early versus delayed oral fluids and food for reducing complications after major abdominal gynaecologic surgery 2014 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
4 studies · 484 participants
Moderate

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral

Proportion of children who successfully completed neurodiagnostic procedure without interruption by the child awakening · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral

Proportion of children who required a further dose of either the same sedative agent or the addition of a different sedative agent · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral

Time to adequate sedation (minutes or as measured by specific validated scales such as the Ramsay Sedation Score) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral

Proportion of children who had sedation failure or inadequate level of sedation · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

The review found no eligible studies for this question.

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
no estimate extracted
Studies not reported
No studies found

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral

EEG sedative‐induced artefact · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) may leads to lower EEG sedative‐induced artefact compared with melatonin oral (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.82]
1 study · 348 participants
Low

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) vs melatonin oral

Number of children with clinical adverse events (any) · children undergoing neurodiagnostic procedures

Chloral hydrate oral (50 mg/kg) showed no clear difference in number of children with clinical adverse events (any) compared with melatonin oral (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Chloral hydrate as a sedating agent for neurodiagnostic procedures in children 2021 · Cochrane Headline outcomes only
RR 1 [0.25, 3.93]
1 study · 348 participants
Low