Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia
current versionsNo studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
ACUPUNCTURE added to TCM DRUG vs TCM DRUG Mental state: No clinically important change in mental state · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to TCM DRUG vs TCM DRUG Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 454 participants | Low |
ACUPUNCTURE added to TCM DRUG vs TCM DRUG Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to TCM DRUG vs TCM DRUG Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effects · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
ACUPUNCTURE added to TCM DRUG vs TCM DRUG Quality of life: No clinically important change in quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to TCM DRUG vs TCM DRUG Economic outcomes: Cost of care · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE vs TCM DRUG Global state: Not improved, endpoint (short‐term) ‐ Not improved (no change in symptoms) ‐ Electroacupuncture · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.34, 0.8] | 1 study · 88 participants | Low |
ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.33 [0.33, 5.45] | 10 studies · 870 participants | Very low |
ACUPUNCTURE vs TCM DRUG Mental state: No clinically important change in general mental state · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE vs TCM DRUG Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 328 participants | Ungraded |
ACUPUNCTURE vs TCM DRUG Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE vs TCM DRUG Adverse effects: Clinically important general adverse effects · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE vs TCM DRUG Quality of life: No clinically important change in quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE vs TCM DRUG Economic outcomes: Cost of care · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY Global state: Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY Mental state: No clinically important change in general mental state · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY Behaviour: Leaving the study early (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 68 participants | Low |
ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Service outcomes: Time in hospital (days) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 120 participants | Moderate |
ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY Adverse effects: Spinal fracture (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.14, 0.81] | 1 study · 68 participants | Low |
ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY Quality of life: No clinically important change in quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ELECTRIC ACUPUNCTURE CONVULSIVE THERAPY vs ELECTROCONVULSIVE THERAPY Economic outcomes: Cost of care · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse effects: Central Nervous System ‐ insomnia (short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.3 [0.11, 0.83] | 3 studies · 202 participants | Low |
ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Quality of life: No clinically important change in quality of life · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Economic outcomes: Cost of care · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Global state: Relapse ( · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.37, 0.89] | 1 study · 170 participants | Very low |
ACUPUNCTURE added to LOW DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS vs STANDARD DOSE ANTIPSYCHOTICS Mental state: BPRS (not improved, reduced rate < 30%, short‐term) · patients with schizophrenia Acupuncture for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.75 [0.18, 3.07] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 1. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE Global state: No clinically significant response · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.87, 1.27] | 29 studies · 2132 participants | Low |
COMPARISON 2. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs QUETIAPINE Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.22, 2.87] | 2 studies · 168 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 2. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs QUETIAPINE Quality of life: as measured by WHO‐QOL‐100 · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 100 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 2. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs QUETIAPINE Adverse effects: extrapyramidal symptoms · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 2.8 [0.64, 12.31] | 4 studies · 348 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 2. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs QUETIAPINE General functioning ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
COMPARISON 2. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs QUETIAPINE Service use ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
COMPARISON 3. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs RISPERIDONE Global state: No clinically significant response (as defined by the original studies) · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.96, 1.21] | 80 studies · 6381 participants | Low |
COMPARISON 3. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs RISPERIDONE Mental state: as measured by BPRS BPRS (high score = poor) · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 570 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 3. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs RISPERIDONE Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.79, 1.32] | 12 studies · 1239 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 3. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs RISPERIDONE Quality of life ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
COMPARISON 3. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs RISPERIDONE Adverse effects: extrapyramidal symptoms · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.39 [0.31, 0.5] | 31 studies · 2605 participants | Low |
COMPARISON 1. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE Mental state: as measured by BPRS BPRS (high score = poor) · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 426 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 3. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs RISPERIDONE General functioning ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
COMPARISON 3. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs RISPERIDONE Service use ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
COMPARISON 4. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs ZIPRASIDONE Global state: No clinically significant response (as defined by the original studies) · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.62, 1.52] | 6 studies · 442 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 4. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs ZIPRASIDONE Mental state: as · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 247 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 4. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs ZIPRASIDONE Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.66, 1.34] | 2 studies · 316 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 4. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs ZIPRASIDONE Quality of life ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
COMPARISON 4. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs ZIPRASIDONE Adverse effects: weight gain · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 4.01 [1.1, 14.6] | 3 studies · 232 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 4. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs ZIPRASIDONE General functioning ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
COMPARISON 4. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs ZIPRASIDONE Service use ‐ not measured · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
COMPARISON 5. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs OLANZAPINE Global state: No clinically significant response · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.06 [0.96, 1.17] | 11 studies · 1739 participants | Very low |
COMPARISON 1. ARIPIPRAZOLE vs CLOZAPINE Leaving the study early ‐ Any reason · patients with schizophrenia Aripiprazole versus other atypical antipsychotics for schizophrenia (2014) · Cochrane | RR 1.41 [0.46, 4.29] | 3 studies · 240 participants | Very low |