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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Early vs late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation Urinary tract infection: per‐urethral stents · kidney transplant recipients Early versus late ureteric stent removal after kidney transplantation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.6 [0.17, 2.03] | 2 studies · 587 participants | Low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo HbA1c (%) HbA1c (mmol/mol) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1092 participants | Moderate |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo FBG (mmol/L) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 589 participants | Low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 4211 participants | Low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo All cardiovascular death · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 5897 participants | Moderate |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Weight (kg) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 210 participants | Moderate |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 130 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Hypoglycaemia · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 1443 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1257 participants | Very low |
GLP‐1 agonists vs placebo HbA1c (%) HbA1c (mmol/mol) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 283 participants | Moderate |
GLP‐1 agonists vs placebo FBG (mmol/L) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 231 participants | Very low |
GLP‐1 agonists vs placebo Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 301 participants | Very low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo FBG (mmol/L) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 855 participants | Moderate |
GLP‐1 agonists vs placebo All cardiovascular death · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
GLP‐1 agonists vs placebo Weight (kg) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 303 participants | Low |
GLP‐1 agonists vs placebo eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 279 participants | Low |
GLP‐1 agonists vs placebo Hypoglycaemia · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 303 participants | Low |
GLP‐1 agonists vs placebo Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 303 participants | Low |
Glitazone vs placebo HbA1c (%) HbA1c (mmol/mol) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 88 participants | Very low |
Glitazone vs placebo FBG (mmol/L) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 233 participants | Very low |
Glitazone vs placebo Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 52 participants | Very low |
Glitazone vs placebo All cardiovascular death · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glitazone vs placebo Weight (kg) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 222 participants | Very low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 2933 participants | Very low |
Glitazone vs placebo eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Glitazone vs placebo Hypoglycaemia · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 70 participants | Very low |
Glitazone vs placebo Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 63 participants | Very low |
Sitagliptin vs glipizide HbA1c (%) HbA1c (mmol/mol) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 398 participants | Low |
Sitagliptin vs glipizide FBG (mmol/L) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 397 participants | Low |
Sitagliptin vs glipizide Death (all causes) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 551 participants | Very low |
Sitagliptin vs glipizide All cardiovascular death · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Sitagliptin vs glipizide Weight (kg) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 552 participants | Low |
Sitagliptin vs glipizide eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 552 participants | Low |
Sitagliptin vs glipizide Hypoglycaemia · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 551 participants | Moderate |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo All cardiovascular death · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 2788 participants | Low |
Sitagliptin vs glipizide Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 551 participants | Very low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Weight (kg) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1029 participants | Low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 848 participants | Moderate |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Hypoglycaemia · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 3086 participants | Low |
SGLT2 inhibitors vs placebo Discontinuation of medication due to adverse events · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 917 participants | Very low |
DPP‐4 inhibitors vs placebo HbA1c (%) HbA1c (mmol/mol) · people with diabetes and CKD Insulin and glucose‐lowering agents for treating people with diabetes and chronic kidney disease (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 867 participants | Low |
Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment Peritonitis (number of patients with one or more episodes) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.57, 1.19] | 5 studies · 395 participants | Low |
Antifungal vs placebo/no treatment Fungal peritonitis (number of patients with one or more episodes) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.28 [0.12, 0.63] | 2 studies · 817 participants | Low |
Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment Exit‐site/tunnel infection (number of patients with one or more episodes) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.19, 1.04] | 3 studies · 191 participants | Low |
Oral or topical or intraperitoneal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment Catheter removal or replacement (number of patients) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.46, 1.46] | 5 studies · 395 participants | Low |
Nasal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment Peritonitis (number of patients with one or more episodes) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.94 [0.67, 1.31] | 3 studies · 338 participants | Low |
Nasal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment Exit‐site/ tunnel infection (number of patients with one or more episodes) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 1.34 [0.62, 2.87] | 3 studies · 338 participants | Low |
Nasal antibiotics vs placebo/no treatment Catheter removal or replacement (number of patients) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.48, 1.78] | 2 studies · 289 participants | Low |
Topical disinfectants vs standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other disinfectant) Peritonitis (number of patients with one or more episodes) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.83 [0.65, 1.06] | 6 studies · 853 participants | Low |
Topical disinfectants vs standard care or other active treatment (antibiotic or other disinfectant) Exit‐site/tunnel infection (number of patients with one or more episodes) · patients with CKD on peritoneal dialysis Antimicrobial agents for preventing peritonitis in peritoneal dialysis patients (2017) · Cochrane | RR 0.97 [0.74, 1.27] | 7 studies · 913 participants | Low |