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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Yoga vs control Sense of control in labour · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs control Satisfaction with childbirth experience (higher scores indicate greater satisfaction) · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Yoga vs control Breastfeeding · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs control Assisted vaginal birth · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Yoga vs control Caesarean section · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Music vs control Pain intensity ‐ active phase (lower scores indicate less intense pain) · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 217 participants | Very low |
Music vs control Satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Music vs control Sense of control in labour · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Music vs control Satisfaction with childbirth experience · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Music vs control Breastfeeding · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Relaxation vs usual care Satisfaction with pain relief (higher proportion high satisfaction) · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 8 [1.1, 58.19] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Music vs control Assisted vaginal birth · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.41 [0.08, 2.05] | 1 study · 156 participants | Very low |
Music vs control Caesarean section · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.36, 1.7] | 2 studies · 216 participants | Very low |
Relaxation vs usual care Sense of control in labour · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Relaxation vs usual care Satisfaction with childbirth experience (higher scores indicate more satisfaction) · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 1176 participants | Very low |
Relaxation vs usual care Breastfeeding · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Relaxation vs usual care Assisted vaginal birth · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.61 [0.2, 1.84] | 4 studies · 1122 participants | Very low |
Relaxation vs usual care Caesarean section · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.26, 2.01] | 4 studies · 1122 participants | Very low |
Yoga vs control Pain intensity (lower scores indicate less intense pain) · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Yoga vs control Satisfaction with pain relief Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction with pain relief · women in labour Relaxation techniques for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 66 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for selective ß2‐adrenergic agonist vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women with fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to delivery by emergency caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV atosiban vs IV hexoprenaline 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women with severe intrapartum fetal bradycardia Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV atosiban vs IV hexoprenaline Umbilical artery pH · women with severe intrapartum fetal bradycardia Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 26 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV atosiban vs IV hexoprenaline Abnormal FHR tracing · women with severe intrapartum fetal bradycardia Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3 [0.13, 67.51] | 1 study · 26 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery Fetal or neonatal mortality · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery Caesarean delivery · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [1.04, 1.22] | 1 study · 390 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.28 [0.35, 4.68] | 1 study · 390 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery Umbilical artery pH < 7.1 · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.68 [0.44, 1.05] | 1 study · 390 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV fenoterol bromhydrate vs emergency delivery Abnormal FHR tracing · women with a non‐reassuring fetal heart trace during labour but without uterine tachysystole Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for selective ß2‐adrenergic agonist vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Fetal or neonatal mortality · women with fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to delivery by emergency caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.01, 4.55] | 2 studies · 57 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Fetal or neonatal mortality · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.23 [0.01, 4.55] | 1 study · 37 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Caesarean delivery · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.01, 4.57] | 1 study · 35 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Umbilical artery pH < 7.2 · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.3, 1.35] | 1 study · 33 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for IV hexoprenaline vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery FHR tracing not improved · women for whom a decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section for suspected fetal distress based on FHR… Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.43 [0.21, 0.88] | 1 study · 23 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs IV magnesium sulphate Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women with intrapartum fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs IV magnesium sulphate Fetal or neonatal mortality · women with intrapartum fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs IV magnesium sulphate Caesarean delivery · women with intrapartum fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs IV magnesium sulphate 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women with intrapartum fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs IV magnesium sulphate Umbilical artery pH < 7.2 · women with intrapartum fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.07, 1.23] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for selective ß2‐adrenergic agonist vs no tocolytic agent, whilst awaiting emergency delivery Caesarean delivery · women with fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to delivery by emergency caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline vs IV magnesium sulphate Resolution of fetal distress on FHR tracing · women with intrapartum fetal distress for whom the decision had been made to deliver by caesarean section Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.31 [0.97, 1.77] | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline with continuation of oxytocic infusion vs cessation of oxytocic infusion without tocolytic agent Perinatal death or severe morbidity · women who developed uterine hyperstimulation in labour with oxytocin augmentation, but without signs of fetal distress Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline with continuation of oxytocic infusion vs cessation of oxytocic infusion without tocolytic agent Fetal or neonatal mortality · women who developed uterine hyperstimulation in labour with oxytocin augmentation, but without signs of fetal distress Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline with continuation of oxytocic infusion vs cessation of oxytocic infusion without tocolytic agent Caesarean delivery · women who developed uterine hyperstimulation in labour with oxytocin augmentation, but without signs of fetal distress Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.73 [0.68, 4.45] | 1 study · 28 participants | Low |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline with continuation of oxytocic infusion vs cessation of oxytocic infusion without tocolytic agent 5‐minute Apgar score < 7 · women who developed uterine hyperstimulation in labour with oxytocin augmentation, but without signs of fetal distress Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline with continuation of oxytocic infusion vs cessation of oxytocic infusion without tocolytic agent Umbilical artery pH < 7.0 · women who developed uterine hyperstimulation in labour with oxytocin augmentation, but without signs of fetal distress Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 28 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings for subcutaneous terbutaline with continuation of oxytocic infusion vs cessation of oxytocic infusion without tocolytic agent Abnormal FHR tracing · women who developed uterine hyperstimulation in labour with oxytocin augmentation, but without signs of fetal distress Acute tocolysis for uterine tachysystole or suspected fetal distress (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |