Findings

What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

4,771 questions · 10,185 findings · 893 reviews

No studies found 2,109 · 20.7%GRADE not reported 1,125 · 11%Very low 2,279 · 22.4%Low 2,514 · 24.7%Moderate 1,709 · 16.8%High 449 · 4.4%

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Pharmacotherapy plus counselling vs no pharmacotherapy or placebo plus counselling

Quit at longest · smoking cessation in hospitalised patients

Pharmacotherapy plus counselling leads to higher quit at longest compared with no pharmacotherapy or placebo plus counselling (high certainty).

3 findings from 1 review

Biofeedback plus standard therapy vs sham biofeedback plus standard therapy

Clinical remission or improvement · people with irritable bowel syndrome

It is very uncertain whether biofeedback plus standard therapy changes clinical response (adequate improvement or remission) compared with sham biofeedback plus standard therapy (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review