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What do systematic reviews say?

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Evidence found and GRADE certainty

3,454 questions · 3,562 findings · 816 reviews · Headline outcomes only

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No studies found 538 · 15.1%GRADE not reported 239 · 6.7%Very low 933 · 26.2%Low 1,041 · 29.2%Moderate 612 · 17.2%High 199 · 5.6%

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) vs placebo or no intervention

Length of hospital stay · neonates with sepsis

Pentoxifylline with antibiotics (any dose or duration) showed no clear difference in length of hospital stay (LOS) in days compared with placebo or no intervention (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

Intervention not reported

Varenicline plus behavioral intervention vs placebo plus behavioral intervention ‐ (repeated point prevalence abstinence (not even a puff/chew/session in the last 7 days) at each of weeks 5, 12, and 25 (combined), verified by CO cutoff < 10 ppm) · people who use waterpipe

The intervention showed no clear difference in varenicline plus behavioral intervention vs placebo plus behavioral… (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

Death (before hospital discharge) or BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age if born < 32 weeks' gestation, or 28 days if born ≥ 32 weeks' gestation) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support

Nasal high flow showed no clear difference in death (before hospital discharge) or BPD(supplemental… compared with continuous positive airway pressure (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation

BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age if born < 32 weeks' gestation, or 28 days if born ≥ 32 weeks' gestation) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support

Nasal high flow showed no clear difference in BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks'… compared with nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)

BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age if born < 32 weeks' gestation, or 28 days if born ≥ 32 weeks' gestation) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support

Nasal high flow showed no clear difference in BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks'… compared with continuous positive airway pressure (low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review

HFNC vs nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation

Death (before hospital discharge) or BPD (supplemental oxygen/respiratory support at 36 weeks' postmenstrual age if born < 32 weeks' gestation, or 28 days if born ≥ 32 weeks' gestation) · preterm infants requiring primary respiratory support

It is very uncertain whether nasal high flow changes death (before hospital discharge) or BPD (supplemental… compared with nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation (very low certainty).

1 finding from 1 review