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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity: women with poor pain relief) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Maternal pain relief poor at 1 hour) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (Pain relief (good or very good) at delivery) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
IM pethidine vs placebo Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (described as good or fair after 1 hour) · women in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [1.24, 2.47] | 1 study · 116 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain relief poor (partial, none or worse)) ‐ No add‐on drugs Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain relief poor (partial, none or worse)) ‐ With promazine Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Additional analgesia required ‐ pentazocine Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Additional analgesia required ‐ pentazocine + promazine Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during the postnatal period (numbers dissatisfied) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (Pain free) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity at 30 minutes: women with severe pain) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (VAS at 60 minutes (at peak of contraction)) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia (number of women satisfied or very satisfied) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour or during the postnatal period (Pain relief described as poor) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
IM pethidine vs placebo Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (reduction in VAS of at least 40 mm after 30 minutes) · women in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 25 [1.56, 400.54] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain relief at 30 mins Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Maternal pain relief at 60 mins Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | High |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (after 30 mins) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (after 60 mins) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score 30 mins post analgesia) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score 1 hour post‐analgesia) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain intensity (Severe) after 1 hour) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score 1 hour after drug administration) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Mean doses of analgesia (non pre‐specified) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (women with fair or poor relief) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
IM pethidine vs placebo Additional analgesia required (epidural, pethidine and Entonox) · women in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.54, 0.94] | 1 study · 50 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain relief score) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (Pain score (1 hour after drug administration)) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia (assessed 3 days postpartum) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia, maternal pain score or pain measured in labour, additional analgesia, epidural Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal pan score or pain measured in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pan score or pain measured in labour (rated as good one day after birth) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (rated good or excellent) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia in labour measured during the postnatal period (Would use the same pain relief again) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
IM pethidine vs placebo Epidural · women in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.5 [0.14, 1.78] | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternla pain score measured in labour Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (measured 1 day after delivery) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Satisfied with mode of administration (PCA IM) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Opioids versus TENS Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured post delivery (rated as good) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score measured during labour (after 30 minutes) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score measured during labour (after 60 minutes) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal satisfaction with analgesia measured during labour (number of women satisfied or very satisfied after 30 minutes) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (described as good or fair after 1 hour) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal pain score or pain measured in labour (reduction in VAS of at least 40 mm after 30 minutes) Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Additional analgesia required Parenteral opioids for maternal pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation Postpartum haemorrhage (blood loss at least 1000 mL;immediately post section or delayed, visual estimation) · women with non‐labour caesarean section Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.97 [0.48, 8.13] | 1 study · 447 participants | Low |
Cervical dilatation vs no dilatation Need for blood transfusion (within 24 hours post caesarean section) · women with non‐labour caesarean section Mechanical dilatation of the cervix during elective caesarean section before the onset of labour for… (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.54 [0.37, 33.79] | 2 studies · 847 participants | Low |