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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Fixed reduction of dialysate temperature vs standard dialysate temperature Dropout due to adverse events · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 9 studies · 268 participants | Ungraded |
Fixed reduction of dialysate temperature vs standard dialysate temperature Death (all causes) · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fixed reduction of dialysate temperature vs standard dialysate temperature Acute coronary syndrome · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Fixed reduction of dialysate temperature vs standard dialysate temperature Stroke · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Isothermal dialysate vs thermoneutral dialysate Intradialytic hypotension rate · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | Rate ratio 0.68 [0.6, 0.76] | 2 studies · 133 participants | Very low |
Isothermal dialysate vs thermoneutral dialysate Discomfort rate · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 17 participants | Ungraded |
Isothermal dialysate vs thermoneutral dialysate Dropout due to adverse event · patients requiring haemodialysis Dialysate temperature reduction for intradialytic hypotension for people with chronic kidney disease… (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 133 participants | Ungraded |
Summary of findings: relaxation vs control Sleep quality PSQI (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 259 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: exercise vs control Quality of life · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: exercise vs control Depression Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale (ZUNG) (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 46 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: exercise vs control Anxiety Beck Anxiety Inventory (BECK) (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: exercise vs control Fatigue PIPER Fatigue Scale (PFS) and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 107 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: exercise vs control Hospitalisation · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: acupressure vs control Sleep quality PSQI (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 367 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: acupressure vs control Sleep latency PSQI (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 173 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: acupressure vs control Quality of life · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: acupressure vs control Depression Beck Depression Inventory (BECK) (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 137 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: acupressure vs control Anxiety · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: relaxation vs control Sleep latency PSQI (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: acupressure vs control Fatigue PIPER Fatigue Scale (PSF) (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 137 participants | Moderate |
Summary of findings: acupressure vs control Hospitalisation · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: relaxation vs control Quality of life Quality of Life Index ‐ dialysis version and Medical Outcome Studies 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | SMD 0.47 | 2 studies · 138 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: relaxation vs control Depression Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and The Beck Depression Inventory II (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | SMD 0.04 | 2 studies · 108 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: relaxation vs control Anxiety Beck Anxiety Inventory and Spielberger State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | SMD 0.11 | 2 studies · 119 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: relaxation vs control Fatigue PROMIS‐Fatigue Short Form 1.0 and Rhoten and Piper fatigue (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 119 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: relaxation vs control Hospitalisation (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: exercise vs control Sleep quality PSQI, ESS and tri‐axial accelerometer (median · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 165 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: exercise vs control Sleep latency · people with CKD Interventions for improving sleep quality in people with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Death · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.61, 2.06] | 8 studies · 826 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) + tacrolimus (TAC) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Partial renal remission · Patients with proliferative lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.78, 1.28] | 2 studies · 402 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) + tacrolimus (TAC) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Stable kidney function · Patients with proliferative lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.78 [1.4, 2.26] | 2 studies · 402 participants | Low |
Azathioprine (AZA) vs mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) Death · patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.34, 3.87] | 4 studies · 451 participants | Very low |
Azathioprine (AZA) vs mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) ESKD · patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.7 [0.52, 5.54] | 4 studies · 452 participants | Very low |
Azathioprine (AZA) vs mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) Renal relapse · patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.75 [1.2, 2.55] | 4 studies · 452 participants | Moderate |
Azathioprine (AZA) vs mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) Doubling of serum creatinine · patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.19 [1.03, 4.66] | 4 studies · 452 participants | Low |
Azathioprine (AZA) vs mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) Major infection · patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.08 [0.69, 1.96] | 3 studies · 412 participants | Low |
Azathioprine (AZA) vs mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) Leucopenia · patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 5.61 [1.68, 18.72] | 3 studies · 412 participants | Low |
Azathioprine (AZA) vs mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) Alopecia · patients with maintenance treatment in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.46, 1.95] | 3 studies · 412 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) ESKD · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.27, 1.84] | 3 studies · 231 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Complete renal remission · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.17 [0.97, 1.42] | 8 studies · 828 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Partial renal remission · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.89, 1.18] | 9 studies · 868 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Ovarian failure · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.36 [0.06, 2.18] | 3 studies · 539 participants | Very low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Major infection · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.67, 1.54] | 6 studies · 699 participants | Low |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Alopecia · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.29 [0.19, 0.46] | 3 studies · 622 participants | Moderate |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Diarrhoea · patients with induction therapy in lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.42 [1.64, 3.58] | 4 studies · 609 participants | Moderate |
Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) + tacrolimus (TAC) vs IV cyclophosphamide (CPA) Complete renal remission · Patients with proliferative lupus nephritis Immunosuppressive treatment for proliferative lupus nephritis (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.38 [1.07, 5.3] | 2 studies · 402 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Sevelamer vs placebo/usual care Death (all causes) · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.16 [0.2, 22.8] | 3 studies · 248 participants | Very low |
Summary of findings: Lanthanum vs placebo/usual care Cardiovascular death · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Summary of findings: Lanthanum vs placebo/usual care Nausea · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 3.72 [1.36, 10.18] | 4 studies · 383 participants | Low |
Summary of findings: Lanthanum vs placebo/usual care Vomiting · people with CKD Phosphate binders for preventing and treating chronic kidney disease‐mineral and bone disorder (CKD‐MBD) (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.76 [0.41, 18.63] | 3 studies · 261 participants | Very low |