Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,206 questions in 117 reviews · Common Mental Disorders
current versionsNo studies 387 · 17.5%Ungraded 111 · 5%Very low 635 · 28.8%Low 568 · 25.7%Moderate 449 · 20.4%High 56 · 2.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Individual psychological therapy vs a control therapy Recovery not achieved according to Morgan and Russell narrow categories or similar ‐ IPT versus SSCM at end of treatment periods · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.07 [1.17, 3.67] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Individual psychological therapy vs another individual psychological therapy Weight · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 200 participants | Low |
Individual psychological therapy vs another individual psychological therapy Weight · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 46 participants | Very low |
Individual psychological therapy vs another individual psychological therapy Recovery not achieved according to Morgan and Russell narrow categories or similar ‐ CBT versus IPT or FPDT at end of treatment periods · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.8 [0.59, 1.08] | 2 studies · 156 participants | Low |
Individual psychological therapy vs another individual psychological therapy Recovery not achieved according to Morgan and Russell narrow categories or similar ‐ Cognitive orientation therapy (COT) versus self psychology (SP) both with nutritional counselling) at end of treatment periods · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.97 [1.04, 8.48] | 1 study · 13 participants | Very low |
Individual psychological therapy vs treatment Recovery not achieved according to Morgan and Russell narrow categories or similar at end of 1 year FPT treatment ‐ FPT versus TAU · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.51, 0.97] | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Individual psychological therapy vs treatment Recovery not achieved according to Morgan and Russell narrow categories or similar at end of 1 year · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.78 [0.61, 1] | 2 studies · 71 participants | Very low |
Individual psychological therapy vs a control therapy Weight · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 197 participants | Low |
Individual psychological therapy vs a control therapy Weight · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 35 participants | Very low |
Individual psychological therapy vs a control therapy Weight · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 71 participants | Very low |
Individual psychological therapy vs a control therapy Weight · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 162 participants | Low |
Individual psychological therapy vs a control therapy Weight · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
Individual psychological therapy vs a control therapy Recovery according to Morgan and Russell narrow categories or similar ‐ CBT versus SSCM (Global outcome rated 3 or 4) at end of treatment periods · Adults and older adolescents with anorexia nervosa Individual psychological therapy in the outpatient treatment of adults with anorexia nervosa (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.56 [0.83, 2.95] | 1 study · 37 participants | Very low |
CBT vs wait‐list Remission of anxiety diagnoses (ITT analysis) i.e. no longer meeting criteria for DSM or ICD anxiety diagnosis at the end of the trial. · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | OR 7.85 [5.31, 11.6] | 26 studies · 1350 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs wait‐list Participants lost to · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.94 [0.58, 1.51] | 26 studies · 1297 participants | Low |
CBT vs wait‐list Reduction in anxiety symptoms at the end of the trial · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 30 studies · 1394 participants | Low |
CBT vs wait‐list Remission of anxiety diagnoses: long‐term · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | OR 3.22 [0.96, 10.75] | 3 studies · 124 participants | Low |
CBT vs wait‐list Reduction in anxiety symptoms: long‐term · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 186 participants | Low |
CBT vs active controls Remission of anxiety diagnoses (ITT) analysis i.e. no longer meeting criteria for DSM or ICD anxiety diagnosis at the end of the trial. · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | OR 1.51 [0.77, 2.96] | 6 studies · 426 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs active controls Reduction in anxiety symptoms at the end of the trial · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 411 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs treatment Remission of anxiety diagnoses (ITT analysis) i.e. no longer meeting criteria for DSM or ICD anxiety diagnosis at the end of the trial. · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | OR 0.53 [0.23, 1.25] | 2 studies · 88 participants | Moderate |
CBT vs treatment Reduction of anxiety symptoms at the end of the trial · children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Cognitive behavioural therapy for anxiety disorders in children and adolescents (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 98 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Prevalence of psychological trauma (short term: up to 3 months postpartum) Measured by various scales ‐ Impact of Event Scale (IES), MINI‐PTSD · Women of any age who had given birth within one month of the intervention being offered Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms (short term: up to 3 months postpartum) Measured by various scales ‐ EPDS, HADS · Women of any age who had given birth within one month of the intervention being offered Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Prevalence of anxiety (short term: up to 3 months postpartum) Measured by HADS · Women of any age who had given birth within one month of the intervention being offered Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Prevalence of fear of childbirth (short term: up to 3 months postpartum) · Women of any age who had given birth within one month of the intervention being offered Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Prevalence of general psychological morbidity (short term: up to 3 months postpartum) · Women of any age who had given birth within one month of the intervention being offered Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health service utilization (short term: up to 3 months postpartum) · Women of any age who had given birth within one month of the intervention being offered Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Attrition from treatment (short term: up to 3 months postpartum) · Women of any age who had given birth within one month of the intervention being offered Debriefing interventions for the prevention of psychological trauma in women following childbirth (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Paroxetine vs placebo Treatment responseCGI‐I · people with anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.23 [1.13, 4.41] | 2 studies · 57 participants | Very low |
Paroxetine vs placebo Symptom severity reductionLSAS · people with anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 44 participants | Very low |
Paroxetine vs placebo Treatment acceptability · people with anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders (2015) · Cochrane | RR 3.29 [0.14, 76.33] | 2 studies · 57 participants | Very low |
Paroxetine vs placebo Proportion heavy drinking days · people with anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 0 studies · 0 participants | Ungraded |
Paroxetine vs placebo Proportion of days abstinent · people with anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 54 participants | Very low |
Paroxetine vs placebo Drinks per drinking day · people with anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 54 participants | Very low |
Paroxetine vs placebo Depression symptom reduction · people with anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders Pharmacotherapy for anxiety and comorbid alcohol use disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 15 participants | Very low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Treatment efficacy: treatment responders As assessed per study · Adults with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.1 [0.89, 1.34] | 9 studies · 449 participants | Low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies In remission As assessed per study · Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.19 [0.66, 2.16] | 2 studies · 44 participants | Low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Condition‐specific anxiety symptoms As assessed by Y‐BOCS3 (scale from 0 to 40, better indicated by a lower score) · Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 131 participants | Very low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Co‐morbid symptoms of depression As assessed by CDI5 (scale from 0 to 54, better indicated by a lower score) · Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 114 participants | Very low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Co‐morbid anxiety symptoms As assessed by each study · Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 104 participants | Very low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Quality of life · Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Treatment acceptability: withdrawals from treatment · Adults with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.88 [0.61, 1.25] | 16 studies · 740 participants | Moderate |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies In remission As assessed per study · Adults with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.79, 1.71] | 5 studies · 292 participants | Moderate |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Condition‐specific anxiety symptoms As assessed by LSAS5 (scale from: 0 to 144, better indicated by a lower score. 55 to 65 points = moderate social anxiety disorder (Liebowitz 1987)) · Adults with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 17 studies · 735 participants | Moderate |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Co‐morbid symptoms of depression As assessed by BDI‐II7 (scale from: 0 to 63, better indicated by a lower score) · Adults with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 178 participants | Moderate |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Co‐morbid anxiety symptoms As assessed by BAI9 (scale from: 0 to 63, better indicated by a lower score. 8 to 15 points = mild anxiety, 16 to 25 points = moderate anxiety (Beck 1993)) · Adults with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 122 participants | Low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Quality of life Assessed by LIS (scale from: 0 to 48, better indicated by a lower score) · Adults with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 56 participants | Very low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Treatment efficacy: treatment responders As assessed per study · Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.78, 1.31] | 4 studies · 121 participants | Low |
DCS and cognitive and behavioural therapies vs placebo and cognitive and behavioural therapies Treatment acceptability: withdrawals from treatment · Children and adolescents with anxiety disorders Augmentation of cognitive and behavioural therapies (CBT) with d‐cycloserine for anxiety and related disorders (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.9 [0.17, 4.69] | 4 studies · 131 participants | Very low |