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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.

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Intervention or exposure

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Review versions

2,589 questions in 168 reviews · Schizophrenia

current versions

No studies 601 · 23.2%Ungraded 446 · 17.2%Very low 721 · 27.8%Low 505 · 19.5%Moderate 274 · 10.6%High 42 · 1.6%

Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.

Question	Effect	Evidence	Status / GRADE
'As required' medication vs regular timed medication Cost: important change in cost · seriously mentally ill people in hospital 'As required' medication regimens for seriously mentally ill people in hospital (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Global state: Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration ‐ short term clinically defined · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.32 [0.13, 0.78]	1 study · 61 participants	Very low
PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS Death ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS Adverse events: extrapyramidal adverse effects dystonia ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.36 [0.23, 8.16]	4 studies · 416 participants	Very low
PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS Other adverse events: any serious adverse event ‐ short and long term · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.98 [0.68, 1.41]	2 studies · 1760 participants	Very low
PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS Economic outcomes ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS Service use and hospitalisation: admission ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Mental state: Relapse ‐ short term clinical diagnosis · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.14 [0.02, 1.07]	1 study · 48 participants	Very low
PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Adverse events: death ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Adverse events: extrapyramidal adverse effects ‐ dystonia ‐ short term · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.07, 15.08]	1 study · 48 participants	Very low
PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Adverse events: serious adverse events ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Economic outcomes ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PERPHENAZINE vs PLACEBO Service use and hospitalisation: admission ‐ not reported · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS Global state: Change over time ‐ no better or deterioration ‐ short and medium term as defined in each study · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.04 [0.91, 1.17]	17 studies · 1879 participants	Very low
PERPHENAZINE vs ANY ANTIPSYCHOTICS Mental state: State ‐ 'no effect' BPRS score reduction · patients with schizophrenia Perphenazine for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.24 [0.61, 2.52]	4 studies · 383 participants	Very low
Lithium as sole treatment vs placebo Response to treatment clinically relevant response as defined by the authors · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.83 [0.44, 1.55]	2 studies · 54 participants	Low
Lithium vs antipsychotics Clinically significant response on depressive symptoms at least 50% MADRS improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.73 [0.43, 1.25]	1 study · 44 participants	Low
Lithium vs antipsychotics Clinically significant response on manic symptoms at least 50% Bech‐Rafaelsen improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.51 [0.24, 1.09]	1 study · 44 participants	Low
Lithium vs antipsychotics Clinically significant response on positive symptoms at least 50% MS improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.49 [0.29, 0.83]	1 study · 44 participants	Low
Lithium vs antipsychotics Kidney dysfunction outcome not available in any study · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lithium vs antipsychotics Thyroid dysfunction outcome not available in any study · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Response to treatment clinically relevant response as defined by the authors · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.81 [1.1, 2.97]	10 studies · 396 participants	Low
Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Acceptability of treatment leaving early due to any reason · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.89 [0.93, 3.84]	11 studies · 320 participants	Very low
Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Clinically significant response on depressive symptoms at least 50% MADRS improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.69, 1.58]	1 study · 45 participants	Low
Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Clinically significant response on manic symptoms at least 50% Bech‐Rafaelsen improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.13 [0.7, 1.82]	1 study · 45 participants	Low
Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Clinically significant response on positive symptoms at least 50% MS improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.84 [0.62, 1.13]	1 study · 45 participants	Low
Lithium as sole treatment vs placebo Acceptability of treatment leaving early due to any reason · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.14 [0.29, 4.44]	3 studies · 65 participants	Low
Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Kidney dysfunction outcome not available in any study · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Adjunctive lithium + antipsychotics vs placebo/no adjunctive treatment + antipsychotics Thyroid dysfunction outcome not available in any study · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lithium as sole treatment vs placebo Clinically significant response on depressive symptoms at least 50% MADRS improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.43 [0.65, 3.16]	1 study · 39 participants	Low
Lithium as sole treatment vs placebo Clinically significant response on manic symptoms at least 50% Bech‐Rafaelsen improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.38, 2.81]	1 study · 39 participants	Low
Lithium as sole treatment vs placebo Clinically significant response on positive symptoms at least 50% MS improvement · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.86 [0.44, 1.69]	1 study · 39 participants	Low
Lithium as sole treatment vs placebo Kidney dysfunction outcome not available in any study · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lithium as sole treatment vs placebo Thyroid dysfunction outcome not available in any study · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	NR	No studies
Lithium vs antipsychotics Response to treatment clinically relevant response as defined by the authors · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.72 [0.28, 1.84]	3 studies · 80 participants	Low
Lithium vs antipsychotics Acceptability of treatment leaving early due to any reason · participants with schizophrenia Lithium for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.77 [1.01, 3.11]	8 studies · 270 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs STANDARD CARE Global state: Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 0.96 [0.44, 2.11]	1 study · 54 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT Mental state: No clinically important improvement · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.27 [1.04, 1.54]	3 studies · 194 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.03 [0.87, 1.21]	19 studies · 1412 participants	Moderate
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT General functioning GAF and GAS · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 78 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT Satisfaction with treatment: Recipient of care not satisfied with treatment · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 3.19 [1.01, 10.07]	1 study · 45 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs ANY OTHER PSYCHOLOGICAL OR PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT Quality of life QLS · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 19 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY Global state: Relapse · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.1 [0.51, 2.41]	4 studies · 181 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.6 [0.85, 3]	3 studies · 153 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY Mental state: No clinically important improvement · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.23 [0.89, 1.7]	3 studies · 194 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY Leaving the study early · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1.05 [0.77, 1.44]	12 studies · 812 participants	Moderate
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY General functioning GAF and GAS · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	2 studies · 78 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs STANDARD CARE Service outcomes: Hospitalisation · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 1 [0.07, 15.08]	1 study · 48 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY Satisfaction with treatment: Recipient of care not satisfied with treatment · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	RR 3.19 [1.01, 10.07]	1 study · 45 participants	Very low
SUPPORTIVE THERAPY vs COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY Quality of life RSES · patients with schizophrenia Supportive therapy for schizophrenia (2015) · Cochrane	no estimate extracted	1 study · 65 participants	Very low