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Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
3,601 questions in 252 reviews · Pregnancy and Childbirth
current versionsNo studies 726 · 20.2%Ungraded 421 · 11.7%Very low 828 · 23%Low 993 · 27.6%Moderate 486 · 13.5%High 147 · 4.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Neonatal infection · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2 [0.5, 7.94] | 5 studies · 1295 participants | Very low |
Immersion in water vs no immersion during first stage of labour Estimated blood loss (mL) · women in labour Immersion in water during labour and birth (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 153 participants | Very low |
Epidural vs opioids Pain intensity measured using pain score in labour (lower scores = less pain) · women in labour Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 1133 participants | Low |
Epidural vs opioids Satisfaction with pain relief ‐ proportion rating excellent or very good · women in labour Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.47 [1.03, 2.08] | 7 studies · 1911 participants | Low |
Epidural vs opioids Assisted vaginal birth · women in labour Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.44 [1.29, 1.6] | 30 studies · 9948 participants | Low |
Epidural vs opioids Caesarean section · women in labour Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.07 [0.96, 1.18] | 33 studies · 10350 participants | Moderate |
Epidural vs opioids Side effects (maternal) ‐ long‐term backache · women in labour Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.89, 1.12] | 2 studies · 814 participants | Moderate |
Epidural vs opioids Admission to special care baby unit/neonatal intensive care unit (as defined by trialists) · women in labour Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.03 [0.95, 1.12] | 8 studies · 4488 participants | Moderate |
Epidural vs opioids Apgar score less than 7 at 5 minutes · women in labour Epidural versus non‐epidural or no analgesia for pain management in labour (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.52, 1.02] | 22 studies · 8752 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.31, 0.65] | 13 studies · 15730 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Preterm birth · pregnant women Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.76 [0.6, 0.97] | 11 studies · 15275 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HELLP syndrome · pregnant women Calcium supplementation during pregnancy for preventing hypertensive disorders and related problems (2018) · Cochrane | RR 2.67 [1.05, 6.82] | 2 studies · 12901 participants | High |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Maternal · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Severe pre‐eclampsia · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.15, 2.02] | 3 studies · 416 participants | Very low |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Eclampsia · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.52 [0.13, 2.06] | 7 studies · 713 participants | Very low |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Changed/stopped drugs due to maternal side‐effects · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.93 [0.92, 4.06] | 16 studies · 1503 participants | Low |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Elective delivery (induction of labour + elective caesarean section) · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.93 [0.84, 1.04] | 4 studies · 710 participants | Moderate |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Fetal/neonatal/infant · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Admission to neonatal or intensive care nursery · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.01 [0.83, 1.22] | 10 studies · 1570 participants | Low |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Severe hypertension · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.4, 0.6] | 20 studies · 2558 participants | Moderate |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Proteinuria/pre‐eclampsia · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.75, 1.14] | 23 studies · 2851 participants | Low |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Fetal/neonatal/infant · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Total reported fetal or neonatal deaths (including miscarriage) · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.72 [0.5, 1.04] | 29 studies · 3365 participants | Moderate |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Small‐for‐gestational age · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.78, 1.18] | 21 studies · 2686 participants | Moderate |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.83, 1.12] | 15 studies · 2141 participants | Moderate |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Maternal · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Any antihypertensive drug vs no antihypertensive drugs/placebo Maternal death · women with mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.18, 7.02] | 5 studies · 525 participants | Very low |
Interventionist care vs expectant (delayed delivery) care Maternal death · women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 320 participants | Low |
Interventionist care vs expectant (delayed delivery) care Eclampsia · women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.06, 15.58] | 2 studies · 359 participants | Very low |
Interventionist care vs expectant (delayed delivery) care Stroke (brain damage) · women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Interventionist care vs expectant (delayed delivery) care HELLP syndrome · women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.09 [0.62, 1.91] | 2 studies · 359 participants | Low |
Interventionist care vs expectant (delayed delivery) care Pulmonary oedema · women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.45 [0.07, 3] | 3 studies · 415 participants | Very low |
Interventionist care vs expectant (delayed delivery) care Perinatal mortality or perinatal death · women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.62, 1.99] | 3 studies · 343 participants | Low |
Interventionist care vs expectant (delayed delivery) care Intraventricular haemorrhage or hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy · women with severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre‐eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.94 [1.15, 3.29] | 2 studies · 537 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Preterm birth < 37 weeks · pregnant women and their babies Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.81, 0.97] | 26 studies · 10304 participants | High |
Intervention NR Pre‐eclampsia · pregnant women Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.84 [0.69, 1.01] | 20 studies · 8306 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Gestational length · pregnant women Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | MD 1.67 [0.95, 2.39] | 41 studies · 12517 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Maternal serious adverse events · pregnant women Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.4, 2.72] | 2 studies · 2690 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Maternal admission to intensive care · pregnant women Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.56 [0.12, 2.63] | 2 studies · 2458 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Postnatal depression · pregnant women Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.99 [0.56, 1.77] | 2 studies · 2431 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cognition: BSID II score at < 24 months · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 1154 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Cognition: BSID III score at < 24 months · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0.04 | 2 studies · 809 participants | Low |
Intervention NR IQ: WASI at 7 years · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | MD 1 | 1 study · 543 participants | Low |
Intervention NR IQ: WISC‐IV at 12 years · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | MD 1 | 1 study · 50 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Behaviour: BSID III adaptive behaviour score at 12‐18 months · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 809 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Early preterm birth < 34 weeks · pregnant women and their babies Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.44, 0.77] | 9 studies · 5204 participants | High |
Intervention NR Behaviour: SDQ Total Difficulties at 7 years · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | MD 1.08 [0.18, 1.98] | 1 study · 543 participants | Low |
Intervention NR BMI at 19 years · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | MD 0 | 1 study · 243 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR Diabetes · children of women randomised to omega‐3 or no omega‐3 during pregnancy Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Maternal hospital admission (antenatal) · pregnant women and their infants Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy (2018) · Cochrane | RR 0.92 [0.81, 1.04] | 5 studies · 2876 participants | Low |