Gap finder
Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
2,434 questions in 139 reviews · Kidney and Transplant
current versionsNo studies 504 · 20.7%Ungraded 40 · 1.6%Very low 611 · 25.1%Low 790 · 32.5%Moderate 414 · 17%High 75 · 3.1%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Percutaneous insertion vs open surgery Catheter removal or replacement · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.24 [0.03, 2.04] | 1 study · 61 participants | Very low |
Straight vs coiled catheters Peritonitis · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.04 [0.82, 1.31] | 9 studies · 818 participants | Moderate |
Straight vs coiled catheters Peritonitis rate (patient‐months) · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.91 [0.68, 1.21] | 5 studies · 5882 participants | Moderate |
Straight vs coiled catheters Exit‐site/tunnel infection · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.94, 1.34] | 10 studies · 826 participants | Moderate |
Laparoscopy vs laparotomy Peritonitis rate (patient‐months) · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.89 [0.39, 2.07] | 1 study · 375 participants | Very low |
Straight vs coiled catheters Exit‐site/tunnel infection rate (patient‐months) · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.05 [0.77, 1.43] | 4 studies · 5286 participants | Moderate |
Straight vs coiled catheters Catheter removal or replacement · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.11 [0.73, 1.66] | 9 studies · 713 participants | Very low |
Straight vs coiled catheters Technique failure · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.82 [0.51, 1.31] | 4 studies · 442 participants | Moderate |
Straight vs coiled catheters Death (all causes) · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.62, 1.46] | 8 studies · 703 participants | Low |
Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract vs swan‐neck Peritonitis · preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.29 [0.85, 1.96] | 2 studies · 140 participants | Low |
Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract vs swan‐neck Peritonitis rate (patient‐months) · preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.22 [0.54, 2.75] | 2 studies · 2535 participants | Low |
Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract vs swan‐neck Exit‐site/tunnel infection · preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.77, 1.21] | 2 studies · 140 participants | Moderate |
Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract vs swan‐neck Exit‐site/tunnel infection rate (patient‐months) · preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.67 [0.5, 0.9] | 2 studies · 2535 participants | Moderate |
Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract vs swan‐neck Catheter removal or replacement · preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.85 [0.42, 1.72] | 2 studies · 140 participants | Moderate |
Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract vs swan‐neck Technique failure · preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.26, 1.58] | 2 studies · 140 participants | Moderate |
Laparoscopy vs laparotomy Exit‐site/tunnel infection · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1 [0.43, 2.31] | 3 studies · 270 participants | Low |
Tenckhoff catheter with artificial curve at tunnel tract vs swan‐neck Death (all causes) · preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.74 [0.27, 2.03] | 2 studies · 140 participants | Low |
Self‐locating vs straight Tenckhoff catheter Peritonitis · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.13 [0.86, 1.49] | 1 study · 78 participants | Very low |
Self‐locating vs straight Tenckhoff catheter Exit‐site/tunnel infection · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.95 [0.37, 2.45] | 1 study · 78 participants | Very low |
Self‐locating vs straight Tenckhoff catheter Catheter removal or replacement · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.32 [0.03, 3.06] | 2 studies · 139 participants | Very low |
Self‐locating vs straight Tenckhoff catheter Technique failure · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.64 [0.39, 1.04] | 2 studies · 139 participants | Moderate |
Self‐locating vs straight Tenckhoff catheter Death (all causes) · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.02 [0.11, 9.75] | 2 studies · 139 participants | Low |
Laparoscopy vs laparotomy Catheter removal or replacement · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.2 [0.77, 1.86] | 3 studies · 167 participants | Low |
Laparoscopy vs laparotomy Technique failure · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.71 [0.47, 1.08] | 4 studies · 283 participants | Low |
Laparoscopy vs laparotomy Death (all causes) · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.26 [0.72, 2.2] | 3 studies · 270 participants | Moderate |
Buried (subcutaneous) vs non‐buried catheter Peritonitis rate (patient‐months) · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.16 [0.37, 3.6] | 2 studies · 2511 participants | Very low |
Buried (subcutaneous) vs non‐buried catheter Exit‐site/tunnel infection rate (patient‐months) · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.15 [0.39, 3.42] | 2 studies · 2511 participants | Very low |
Buried (subcutaneous) vs non‐buried catheter Technique failure · chronic peritoneal dialysis patients Catheter type, placement and insertion techniques for preventing catheter‐related infections in chronic… (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.73 [0.34, 1.55] | 1 study · 60 participants | Very low |
Bisphosphonate vs placebo or no treatment Fracture · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.62 [0.38, 1.01] | 13 studies · 765 participants | Low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no treatment Death (all causes) · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.49 [0.03, 9.22] | 3 studies · 232 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no treatment Cardiovascular death · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.57 [0.04, 7.57] | 3 studies · 232 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no treatment Bone pain · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 40 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no treatment Graft loss · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.11 [0.01, 2.01] | 3 studies · 220 participants | Very low |
Bisphosphonate vs placebo or no treatment Acute graft rejection · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.7 [0.55, 0.89] | 7 studies · 470 participants | Low |
Bisphosphonate vs placebo or no treatment Death (all causes) · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.34, 2.8] | 10 studies · 597 participants | Very low |
Bisphosphonate vs placebo or no treatment Cardiovascular death · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.33 [0.01, 7.58] | 3 studies · 150 participants | Very low |
Bisphosphonate vs placebo or no treatment Bone pain · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.2 [0.04, 0.93] | 3 studies · 153 participants | Low |
Bisphosphonate vs placebo or no treatment Spinal deformity · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.58 [0.26, 1.31] | 1 study · 72 participants | Very low |
Bisphosphonate vs placebo or no treatment Hypocalcaemia · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 5.59 [1, 31.06] | 4 studies · 207 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no treatment Fracture · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.96 [0.1, 8.94] | 5 studies · 299 participants | Very low |
Vitamin D vs placebo or no treatment Acute graft rejection · preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients Interventions for preventing bone disease in kidney transplant recipients (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.98 [0.52, 1.86] | 5 studies · 385 participants | Very low |
Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron Death (all causes) · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.12 [0.64, 1.94] | 11 studies · 1952 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Ferritin: final or change (µg/L) · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 33 studies · 3389 participants | Low |
Intervention NR TSAT: final or change (%) · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 27 studies · 3089 participants | Low |
Intervention NR HCT (%) · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 152 participants | Very low |
Intervention NR ESA dose: final or change · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 11 studies · 522 participants | Low |
Intervention NR eGFR: final or change (mL/min) · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1052 participants | Low |
Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron Cardiovascular death · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 1.71 [0.41, 7.18] | 3 studies · 206 participants | Very low |
Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron Type of adverse event: allergic reactions/hypotension · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 3.56 [1.88, 6.74] | 15 studies · 2607 participants | Low |
Patient‐centred outcomes for oral vs IV iron Type of adverse event: all gastrointestinal adverse effects · adults and children with CKD Parenteral versus oral iron therapy for adults and children with chronic kidney disease (2019) · Cochrane | RR 0.47 [0.33, 0.66] | 14 studies · 1986 participants | Low |