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Search review questions
Each row is one question a systematic review asked: who, what, compared with what, and which outcome, with the effect it found and how certain that is. Words match anywhere in the field.
1,852 questions in 128 reviews · Effective Practice and Organisation of Care
current versionsNo studies 557 · 30.1%Ungraded 53 · 2.9%Very low 446 · 24.1%Low 476 · 25.7%Moderate 255 · 13.8%High 65 · 3.5%
Ungraded means an effect was reported without a GRADE rating; it is not a gap. No studies means the review found nothing to answer the question. The six categories are a display order, not a score.
| Question | Effect | Evidence | Status / GRADE |
|---|---|---|---|
Intervention NR Overall use of medicines · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Use of medicines for symptomatic conditions · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Use of medicines for asymptomatic conditions · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Insurer perspective (expenditures on medicines) · vulnerable and general populations Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Cost · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Patient perspective · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Insurer perspective (expenditures on medicines) · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Insurer perspective (expenditures on health care) · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Healthcare utilisation · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Overall healthcare utilisation · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Emergency department and hospitalisation · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Outpatient care · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Intervention NR Health outcomes · general population Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Insurer perspective (expenditures on health care) · vulnerable and general populations Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Healthcare utilisation · vulnerable and general populations Pharmaceutical policies: effects of cap and co‐payment on rational use of medicines (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Health workers' resuscitation practices: proportion of adequate initial resuscitation practices Direct observation · nurses and midwives In‐service training for health professionals to improve care of seriously ill newborns and children in… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 2.45 [1.75, 3.42] | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Health workers' resuscitation practices: inappropriate and potentially harmful practices per resuscitation Direct observation Scale: 0 to 1 (better indicated by lower values) · nurses and midwives In‐service training for health professionals to improve care of seriously ill newborns and children in… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Intervention NR Neonatal mortality in all resuscitation episodes Medical records (resuscitation observation sheet) · nurses and midwives In‐service training for health professionals to improve care of seriously ill newborns and children in… (2015) · Cochrane | RR 0.77 [0.4, 1.48] | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Preparedness for resuscitation‡ Scale: 0 to 100% (better indicated by higher values) In‐service training for health professionals to improve care of seriously ill newborns and children in… (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Moderate |
Consultation liaison vs standard care Improvement in mental health ‐ up to 3 months · Patients with mental disorders Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 445 participants | Low |
Consultation liaison vs standard care Improvement in mental health ‐ from 3 to 12 months · Patients with mental disorders Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 678 participants | Low |
Consultation liaison vs standard care Symptoms of mental disorder ‐ from 3 to 12 months · Patients with mental disorders Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 546 participants | Low |
Consultation liaison vs standard care Consumer satisfaction ‐ up to 3 months · Patients with mental disorders Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 228 participants | Low |
Consultation liaison vs standard care Consumer satisfaction ‐ from 3 to 12 months · Patients with mental disorders Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 445 participants | Low |
Consultation liaison vs standard care Consumer adherence to treatment ‐ up to 3 months · Patients with mental disorders Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 228 participants | Low |
Consultation liaison vs standard care Consumer adherence to treatment ‐ from 3 to 12 months · Patients with mental disorders Consultation liaison in primary care for people with mental disorders (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 7 studies · 1251 participants | Moderate |
Chronic disease management vs usual care Asthma‐specific quality of life score Measured on different scales in different studies. Higher scores indicate higher quality of life. · adults with asthma Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 8 studies · 1627 participants | Moderate |
Chronic disease management vs usual care Number of hospitalisations per patient ‐ not reported · adults with asthma Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chronic disease management vs usual care Number of emergency room or unscheduled visits ‐ not reported · adults with asthma Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chronic disease management vs usual care Asthma exacerbations ‐ not measured · adults with asthma Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Chronic disease management vs usual care Self‐efficacy score5 Measured on different scales in different studies. Higher scores indicate higher self‐efficacy · adults with asthma Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 642 participants | Low |
Chronic disease management vs usual care Asthma severity score5 Measured on different scales in different studies. Higher scores indicate lower severity · adults with asthma Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 6 studies · 1330 participants | Low |
Chronic disease management vs usual care Days off work ‐ not measured · adults with asthma Chronic disease management programmes for adults with asthma (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR ITN ownership among pregnant women, adults and children · Adults (including pregnant women) and children Strategies to increase the ownership and use of insecticide‐treated bednets to prevent malaria (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 5 studies · 5090 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Appropriate use · Adults (including pregnant women) and children Strategies to increase the ownership and use of insecticide‐treated bednets to prevent malaria (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 4 studies · 8837 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ITN use by adults (any ITN use) · Adults (including pregnant women) and children Strategies to increase the ownership and use of insecticide‐treated bednets to prevent malaria (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 2 studies · 889 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR ITN use by children under 5 · Adults (including pregnant women) and children Strategies to increase the ownership and use of insecticide‐treated bednets to prevent malaria (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 3 studies · 11748 participants | Low |
Intervention NR Use (net mounted) · Adults (including pregnant women) and children Strategies to increase the ownership and use of insecticide‐treated bednets to prevent malaria (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 study · 519 participants | Moderate |
Intervention NR Adverse events · Adults (including pregnant women) and children Strategies to increase the ownership and use of insecticide‐treated bednets to prevent malaria (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Intervention NR Annual incidence rates of wrong‐site tooth extraction · Dental patients requiring tooth extraction Interventions for reducing wrong‐site surgery and invasive clinical procedures (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Intervention NR Annual incidence rates of wrong‐site neurosurgery · Patients having cranial or spinal neurosurgery Interventions for reducing wrong‐site surgery and invasive clinical procedures (2015) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | 1 participants | Low |
Reference pricing policy vs no reference pricing Insurer's cumulative drug expenditures one year after the transition period · Patients with drug insurance Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Low |
Index pricing vs no index pricing Healthcare utilisation · Norwegian citizens taking one of the following drugs: citalopram (depression), omeprazol (antiulcer), cetirizin… Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Index pricing vs no index pricing Health outcomes · Norwegian citizens taking one of the following drugs: citalopram (depression), omeprazol (antiulcer), cetirizin… Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Index pricing vs no index pricing Adverse events · Norwegian citizens taking one of the following drugs: citalopram (depression), omeprazol (antiulcer), cetirizin… Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Index pricing vs no index pricing CI: Confidence interval · Norwegian citizens taking one of the following drugs: citalopram (depression), omeprazol (antiulcer), cetirizin… Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Maximum prices vs no maximum prices Drug expenditure one year after the transition period · Patients taking statins Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | Very low |
Maximum prices vs no maximum prices Drug prices · Patients taking statins Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Maximum prices vs no maximum prices Healthcare utilisation · Patients taking statins Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |
Maximum prices vs no maximum prices Health outcomes · Patients taking statins Pharmaceutical policies: effects of reference pricing, other pricing, and purchasing policies (2014) · Cochrane | no estimate extracted | NR | No studies |