Intervention not reported
DAN score at 30 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐10 A lower score = less pain (Carbajal 1997) · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NIPS during heel lance Range of scale 0‐7 A lower score = less pain Lawrence 1993 · neonates with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
NFCS Range of scale 0‐10 in term infants 0‐9 in preterm infants A lower score = less pain Grunau 1987 · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP 30 s after heel lance (term and preterm infants) Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
PIPP 60 s after heel lance Range of scale 0‐21 for infants < 28 weeks PMA and 0‐18 for infants > 36 weeks PMA A lower score = less pain (Stevens 1996; Stevens 2014a) · newborns with heel lance‐associated pain
1 finding from 1 review
Efficacy: change in scores from baseline to endpoint (12 weeks) on symptom rating scales in the treatment of manic and mixed episodes Lower scores indicate improvement · adults with acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder
2 findings from 1 review
Efficacy: change in scores from baseline to endpoint (12 weeks) on symptom rating scales in the treatment of manic and mixed episodes Lower scores indicate improvement · adults with acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder
1 finding from 1 review
Efficacy: change in scores from baseline to endpoint (12 weeks) on symptom rating scales in the treatment of manic and mixed episodes Lower scores indicate improvement · adults with acute affective episodes in bipolar disorder
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Improvement of motor function at the end of treatment ‐ upper and lower extremities motor function (FMA) · adults with stroke
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Lower respiratory tract infection · People aged 60 or older living in long‐term care institutions
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Pain on a 0 to 100 scale. Various pain scales. (lower score is better)
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Disability on a 0 to 100 scale. Various disability scales (lower score is better)
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Lower limb functional measures · people with stroke
The intervention showed no clear difference in lower limb functional measures (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Breathlessness ‐ all trials Lower score indicates improvement in breathlessness · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Breathlessness ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ studies using short‐burst oxygen Lower score indicates improvement in breathlessness · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Breathlessness ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ studies not using short‐burst oxygen Lower score indicates improvement in breathlessness · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Breathlessness ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ studies measuring during exercise test Lower score indicates improvement in breathlessness · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy
1 finding from 1 review
Intervention not reported
Breathlessness ‐ subgroup analysis ‐ studies not measuring during exercise test Lower score indicates improvement in breathlessness · patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease who do not qualify for home oxygen therapy
1 finding from 1 review
Mean pressure gradient (mmHg) Better indicated by lower scores. · patients with aortic valve stenosis
Statin showed no clear difference in mean pressure gradient (mmHg) Better indicated by lower scores. compared with placebo (low certainty).
1 finding from 1 review
Functional ability · adults aged ≥ 65 years
1 finding from 1 review